DICTIONARY   OF   EXPLOSIVES 


DICTIONARY  OF 
EXPLOSIVES 


BY 

ARTHUR   MARSHALL 

A.C.G.I.,  F.I.C.,  F.C.S. 

CHEMICAL  INSPECTOR     INDIAN  ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT 


PHILADELPHIA 

P.  BLAKISTON'S   SON   &   CO. 
1012   WALNUT  STREET 
1920 


Printed  in  Great  Britain 


INTRODUCTION 

IT  is  a  generation  since  a  dictionary  of  explosives  has  been 
published,  and,  in  the  meantime,  many  new  explosives  have 
been  introduced.  It  is  hoped,  therefore,  that  this  small  volume, 
giving  concise  information  about  these  special  materials, 
may  prove  useful  to  those  who  have  to  deal  with  them. 
In  Cundill  and  Thomson's  "Dictionary  of  Explosives," 
issued  in  1895,  there  are  many  entries  of  the  names  of 
inventors  and  of  mixtures  which  had  been  proposed  but  have 
never  been  used  commercially,  nor  are  likely  to  be.  As 
modern  explosives  were  then  in  their  infancy,  it  was  no  doubt 
wise  to  insert  all  the  available  information  whether  it  appeared 
to  be  important  or  not ;  but  now  it  seems  to  me  better  to 
restrict  the  scope  of  the  dictionary  so  as  to  keep  its 
size  within  moderate  limits.  Practically  only  explosives 
with  special  or  proprietary  names  are  therefore  dealt  with 
here.  For  information  concerning  chemical  substances,  such 
as  the  nit ro -toluenes  and  other  nitro -compounds,  reference 
should  be  made  to  the  text-books  on  explosives  and 
chemistry. 

A  few  words  may,  however,  be  said  here  about  the  nitro  - 
celluloses.  These  are  made  by  treating  cellulose  with  a  mix- 
ture of  nitric  and  sulphuric  acids,  and  then  purifying  the 
product  by  washing  it  thoroughly  with  hot  water.  The 
variety  of  cellulose  most  used  for  this  purpose  is  cotton,  and 
the  product  obtained  from  it  is  frequently  called  nitrocotton, 
three  special  varieties  of  which  are  collodion  cotton,  pyro- 
collodion  and  guncotton  (q.  r.).  The  only  other  form  of 
cellulose  which  is  nitrated  on  a  commercial  scale  is  "  chemical 
cellulose "  obtained  by  the  treatment  of  wood  or  straw. 


M164593 


vi  INTRODUCTION 

Nitrated  wood  cellulose  has  long  been  used  for  the  manu- 
facture of  smokeless  powders  for  shot-guns,  and  during  the 
War  the  Germans  made  powders  for  rifled  fire-arms  from  it. 

No  trouble  has  been  spared  to  make  the  dictionary  com- 
plete and  accurate,  but  there  must  inevitably  be  omissions 
and  errors  in  it,  especially  as  regards  the  explosives  of  foreign 
countries.  The  author  will  be  grateful  for  any  additional 
information  that  may  be  sent  him. 

Explosives  may  be  classified  in  various  ways,  according  to 
the  purpose  of  the  classification,  but  the  great  majority  of 
them  fall  naturally  into  two  main  divisions  :  propellants  and 
high  explosives.  Propellants  explode  comparatively  slowly, 
and  are  used  to  propel  projectiles  from  fire-arms.  High 
explosives  are  much  more  rapid  in  their  action,  and  are  used 
for  bursting  and  shattering.  Propellants  are  of  two  sorts, 
according  as  they  are  intended  for  use  in  shot-guns  or  rifled 
fire-arms.  Those  for  shot-guns  burn  more  rapidly  than  those 
for  the  latter,  but  both  practically  always  contain  a  consider- 
able proportion  of  nitrocellulose,  gelatinised  by  means  of  such 
solvents  as  acetone  or  ether-alcohol,  according  as  it  is  of  high 
or  low  nitration.  Some  contain  also  nitroglycerine,  and  are 
then  called  nitroglycerine  powders,  whereas  those  that  do  not 
contain  this  substance  are  termed  nitrocellulose  powders. 
Many  powders  also  contain  other  ingredients,  as  may  be  seen 
from  the  compositions  given  in  this  dictionary. 

Of  high  explosives  an  important  class  is  used  for  charging 
shells  and  bombs.  As  a  rule,  but  not  necessarily,  these  are 
not  the  same  as  the  explosives  used  for  mining  operations 
and  other  general  blasting  purposes.  Another  important 
class  is  that  of  the  coal-mine  explosives,  which  are  designed 
to  give  only  a  short  and  comparatively  cool  flame  so  as  to 
diminish  the  danger  of  igniting  fire-damp  and  coal-dust. 
Nearly  half  the  explosives  in  this  dictionary  are  coal-mine 
explosives.  The  reason  for  this  large  number  is  that  no 
finality  has  yet  been  reached  as  to  the  best  and  safest 
explosives  to  use  in  coal  mines.  When  more  experience  has 
been  gained  it  is  probable  that  the  number  of  these  explosives 


INTRODUCTION  vii 

on  the  market  will  be  reduced.  In  England  the  Permitted 
List  has  recently  been  cut  down  considerably. 

In  Great  Britain  these  coal-mine  explosives  have  to  be 
submitted  to  the  Inspectors  of  Explosives,  and  are  subjected 
to  tests  for  safety  and  strength.  If  they  pass  they  are  placed 
on  the  list  of  "  Permitted  Explosives,"  and  the  compositions 
are  published  in  the  Explosives  in  Coal  Mines  Orders.  In 
these  Orders  the  upper  and  lower  limits  of  the  percentage  of 
each  constituent  are  given,  but  in  this  dictionary  interme- 
diate percentages  are  given  so  that  the  sum  for  any  explosive 
amounts  to  100.  In  the  Explosives  in  Coal  Mines  Orders 
the  percentage  of  such  a  substance  as  wood,  meal  or  starch, 
is  given  in  the  dried  condition,  but  here  it  is  given  in  the 
air-dry  state  on  the  assumption  that  it  then  contains  about 
10  per  cent,  of  moisture. 

In  France  and  Belgium  also  the  compositions  of  the  coal- 
mine explosives  are  published,  but  in  Germany,  as  a  rule, 
only  a  list  of  the  constituents  is  given,  and  sometimes  an  upper 
or  lower  limit  for  one  or  more  of  the  principal  constituents. 
Moreover,  it  is  not  stated  explicitly  whether  the  explosives 
are  intended  for  use  in  coal  mines  or  for  general  blasting 
purposes.  In  the  United  States  of  America,  explosives  in- 
tended for  use  in  coal  mines  are  examined  by  the  Bureau  of 
Mines,  which,  however,  has  no  power  to  prevent  the  use  of 
others  because  regulations  on  this  matter  are  made  by  the 
individual  states.  If  they  pass  they  are  placed  on  the  list 
of  . "  Permissible  Explosives."  The  compositions  are  not 
published,  but  the  class  of  composition  is  stated. 

Until  the  second  half  of  the  nineteenth  century,  gunpowder 
was  practically  the  only  explosive  used  on  a  considerable 
scale,  and  it  was  employed  for  all  purposes.  Consequently 
it  does  not  fall  into  any  of  the  classes  mentioned,  or  rather 
it  could  be  placed  in  several  of  them. 

Another  class  of  explosives  that  has  not  yet  been  men- 
tioned is  that  of  the  primary  igniters,  of  which  fulminate  of 
mercury  may  be  taken  as  typical.  The  characteristic  of  these 
is  that  they  can  be  exploded  or  ignited  by  a  spark  or  moderate 


viii  INTRODUCTION 

friction,  and  consequently  they  can  be  employed  to  fire  other, 
less  sensitive  explosives.  There  are,  however,  practically 
no  explosives  of  this  class  which  possess  special  or  proprietary 
names,  and  consequently  they  are  not  dealt  with  in  this 
dictionary. 

Naini  Tal,  India. 
1920. 


CLASSIFICATION 

COAL-MINE  EXPLOSIVES 

American  Permissible  Explosives. 

Aetna  Coal  Mine  Powder.  Guardian. 

Bental  Coal  Powder.  Hecla  No.  2. 

Bituminite.  Hygrade  Coal  Powder. 

Black  Diamond.  Kanite. 

Cameron  Mine  Powder.  Lomite. 

Carbonite.  Lowinite. 

Coalite.  Meteor. 

Coal  Special.  Miners'  Friend. 

Collier  Powder.  Min-ite. 

Cronite.  Monobel. 

Detonite.  Nitro  Low-Flame. 

Du  Pont  Permissible.  Red  H. 

Eureka.  Trojan  Coal  Powder. 

Fort  Pitt  Mine  Powder.  Tunnelite. 

Fuel-ite.  Vigorite. 

Giant  Coal  Mine  Powder.  Xpdite. 

Austrian  and  Hungarian. 

Chloratit.  Progressit. 

Dynammon.  Titanit. 

Belgian  Explosifs  S.G.P. 

Alsilite.  Grisoutite. 

Antigel  de  Surete.  Ingelite. 

Baelenite.  Minerite. 

Colinite  antigrisouteuse.  Minite. 

Cornil.  Minolite. 

Densite.  Pulverite. 

Dynamite  antigrisouteuse.  Sabulite  antigrisouteuse. 

Favier  Explosives.  Securophore. 

Flammivore.  Wallonite. 

Forcite  antigrisouteuse.  Yonckite. 

Fractorite.  (There    were   also    several    ex- 

Grisoutine  II.  plosives  made  in  Germany.) 


CLASSIFICATION 


British. 


*Abbcite. 
*Abelite. 
*Ajax  Powder. 
*Albionite. 
*Amasite. 

*  Ammonal. 
Ammonite. 

*  Am  vis. 
*Anchorite. 
*Aphosite. 
*Arkite. 
*Barking  Powder. 

Bellite. 

Bobbinite. 
*Britonite. 
*Bull  Dog. 

Cambrite. 
*Carbonite. 
*Celtite. 
*Cliffite. 

Cliffite  (Super-). 
*Clydite. 
*Cornish  Powder. 
*Coronite. 
*Curtisite. 
*Curtisite  (Super-). 

Denaby  Powder. 
*Dominite. 
*Dragonite. 
*Dreadnought  Powder. 

Du  Pont  Permissible. 
*Duxite. 

Dynobel. 
*Electronite. 

Essex  Powder. 
*Excellite. 

Excellite  (Super-). 

Expedite. 
*Faversham  Powder. 

Fortex  (New). 
*Fracturite. 
*Gathurst  Powder. 
*Good  Luck. 

Haylite. 


*Herculite. 
*Kent  Powder. 

Kentite. 
*Kolax. 

*Kolax  (Super-). 
*Kynarkite. 
*Kynite. 
*Melling  Powder. 
*Mersey  Powder. 
*Minite. 

Monarkite. 

Monobel. 

*Monobel  Powder. 
*Nationalite. 

Negro  Powder. 
*Neonal. 
*Nitro-Densite. 
*Nobel  Ammonia  Powder. 
*Normanite. 
*Oaklite. 
*Odite. 

*Permon  Powder. 
*Permonite. 
*Phoenix  Powder. 
*Pitite. 
*Pitsea  Powder. 

Rex  Powder. 
*Rexite. 
*Rippite. 

Rippite  (Super-). 

Roburite. 
*Russelite. 

Samsonite. 
*Saxonite. 

Seamex. 

*Sheppey  Powder. 
*Stanford  Powder. 
*Steelite  (Colliery). 
*St.  Helen's  Powder. 

Stomonal. 
*Stow-ite. 
*Sunderite. 
*Superite. 
*Swale  Powder. 


CLASSIFICATION 


XI 


*Swalite. 
*Syndite. 
Thames  Powder. 
*Tutol. 

*Uplees  Powder. 
*Victor  Powder. 


British  (continued) 

*Victorite. 
Viking  Powder. 
*Virite. 
*Westfalite. 
*Withnell  Powder. 


(Those  marked  *  are  not  now  on  the  Permitted  List.) 


Favier  explosives. 

Grisounite. 

Grisoutine. 


French. 

N. 

Naphthalite  (Grisou-). 


German. 


Albit  (Wetter-). 

Astralit  (Wetter-). 

Bautzener  Sicherheitspulver. 

Bavarit. 

Cahuecit  (Ammon-). 

Carbonite. 

Chloratzit. 

Chromamonit. 

Cosilit. 

Dahmenit. 

Detonit. 

Donarit. 

Dorfit. 

Dynamit  (Wettersicheres). 

Elsagit  (Ammon-). 

Foerder  Sicherheitssprengstoff. 

Foerdit. 

Fulmenit  (Wetter-). 

Gehlingerit. 

Gesilit. 

Glueckauf. 

Kohlenkarbonit. 

Koronit  (Kohlen-). 

Lenit  (Neu-). 


Lignosit. 

Monachit. 

Naphthalit. 

Nobelit. 

Orkanit. 

Pastanit, 

Permonit. 

Perrumpit. 

Persalit  (Wetter-). 

Plastomenit. 

Rhenanit  (Wetter-). 

Roburite. 

Romperit  (Wetter-). 

Salit. 

Schlesit. 

Securite. 

Siegenit. 

Teutonit. 

Tremonit. 

Tunnelit, 

Walsrode  (Wetter-). 

Westfalit. 

Wetter-Dynamit. 


Aerolit. 

Aetna. 

Albit. 


BLASTING  EXPLOSIVES 

Alkalsit. 
Amasite. 
Ammonal, 


Xll 


CLASSIFICATION 


BLASTING   EXPLOSIVES   (continued) 


Ammoniakkrut. 

Anagon. 

Anilit. 

Astralit. 

Atlas  Powder. 

Barbarit. 

Blastine. 

Blasting  Gelatine. 

Bomlit. 

C. 

Cahuecit. 

Carbite  d'Ablon. 

Car  bo  -Dynamite. 

Carlsonite. 

Cheddite. 

Chloratzite. 

Cugnite. 

Dahmenite. 

Denaby  Powder. 

Densite. 

Dominit. 

Donarit. 

Dynamite. 

Electronite. 

Ergite. 

Erin  Gelignite. 

Extra  Dynamite. 

Forcite. 

Fumenit. 

Gehlingerit. 

Gelatinee  a  PAmmoniaque. 

Gelatine  Dynamite. 

Gelignite. 

Giant  Powder. 

Halalite. 

Hammonit. 

Helagon. 

Helit. 

Hercules  Powder. 

Imperialite. 

Judson  Powder. 

Kausolit. 

Kinetit. 

Kiwit. 


Koronit. 

L.C.  Pulver. 

Leonit. 

Ligdyn. 

Lignosit. 

Lithofracteur. 

Loewenpulver. 

Luxit. 

M.B.  Powder. 

Marsit. 

Meganit. 

Melanite. 

Mercurit. 

Miedziankit. 

Minolite. 

Mitchellite. 

Monachit. 

Naphthalit. 

Nitrolit. 

O. 

Oakley  Quarry  Powder. 

Oxyliquit. 

Pastanil. 

Per  agon. 

Perchlorit. 

Perdit. 

Perilit. 

Persalit. 

Petroklastit. 

Petrolit. 

Pfalzit. 

Pierrite. 

Plastammon. 

Plessit. 

Pniowit. 

Polarite. 

Praeposit. 

Promethee. 

Prosperit. 

Rack-a-Rock. 

Raschit. 

Red  Cross. 

Rendrock. 

Rexol. 


CLASSIFICATION  xiii 

BLASTING  EXPLOSIVES   (continued) 

Rhenanit.  Stonax. 

Rhexit.  Telsit. 

Rivalit.  Territ. 

Rockite.  Teutonit. 

Romperit.  Thornit. 
Roslin  Giant  Blasting  Powder.       Titanite. 

Sabulite.  Tonite. 

Saxonite.  Tremonit. 

Sebomite.  Velox  Gelatine. 

Sengite.  Vender. 

Siegenit.  Vigorite. 

Silesia.  Vulcan  Powder. 

Sprengel  Explosives.  Wilhelmit. 

Sprengsalpeter.  Yonckite. 
Steelite. 

HIGH  EXPLOSIVES 

(For  Shells  and  Bombs.) 

Alumatol.  Himalayite. 

Amatol.  Hudson's  Explosive. 

Amatoxol.  Lyddite. 

Anilite.  Macarite. 

Astralit.  Melinite. 

Baratol.  Nitrolit. 

Cilferite.  Panclastite. 

Cresylite.  Perdit. 

Dunnite.  Plastrotyl. 

Echo.  Schneiderite. 

Ecrasite.  Shellite. 

Fuellpulver.  Stabilite. 

Fumyl.  T.N.T. 

Granatfuellung.  Toxol. 

H.E.  Triplastit. 
Hellhofite. 

MISCELLANEOUS  EXPLOSIVES 

Black  Powder.  Ophorite. 

C.P.  Pulverin. 

Centralite.  Pyrocollodion. 

Cheesa  Sticks.  Pyroxyline. 

Collodion  Cotton.  Stabilite. 

Flobert  Ammunition,  Tetryl. 

Glonoine.  White  Gunpowder. 
Halakite. 


xiv  CLASSIFICATION 


PROPELLANTS 

(For  Shot-guns.) 

Amberite.  Neonite. 

Cannonite.  New  Explosives  Co.'s  Smokeless 

Clermonite.  Powder. 

CooppaPs  Powder.  Normal  Powder. 

Crystal.  Plastomenit. 

Du  Pont  Smokeless  Powder.          Primrose  Smokeless. 

E.C.  Powder.  Red  Star. 

Economic.  Rifleite  (Shot  Gun). 

Eley  Smokeless  Powder.  Rottweil  Smokeless  Powder. 

Empire.  Ruby  Powder. 

Felixite.  S. 

Fulmen  Powder.  S.S. 

Henrite.  Schultze  Powder. 

Ideal  Powder.  Smokeless  Diamond. 

J.  Stowmarket  Smokeless. 

K.S.  T. 

M.  Troisdorf  Smokeless  Powder. 

Mischpulver.  Walsrode  Shot  Gun  Powder. 

Mullerite. 

(For  Rifled  Fire-arms.) 

Amide  Powder.  N.C.T. 

Ammonpulver.  Neonite. 

Apyrite.  Nitrokol. 

Axite.  Normal  Powder. 

B.  P.C./88. 

Ballistite.  R.F.G. 

Brugere's  Powder.  R.L.G. 

Cocao  Powder.  Rifleite. 

Cordite.  Rottweil  Smokeless  Powder. 

C.S.P.  S.K. 

Filite.  S.R. 

Hebler  Powder.  S.V. 

Indurite.  Solenite. 

Lafflin  and  Rand.  Troisdorf  Smokeless  Powder. 

Moddite.  Wetteren. 


DICTIONARY    OF    EXPLOSIVES 


ABBGITE. — A  coal-mine  explosive  made  by  Kynoch, 
Ltd.  The  original  composition  which  passed  the  Woolwich 
Test  was — 


Ammonium  nitrate 
Nitroglycerine 
Wood  meal 


80 
10 
10 


To  enable  it  to  pass  the  Rotherham  Test  sodium  chloride 
was  added,  and  a  little  dinitro-toluene  was  also  introduced — 

ABBCITE  No.  2. 
Date  of  Permit  3-7-15 


Ammonium  nitrate 
Nitroglycerine    . 
Wood  meal 
Dinitro-toluene  . 
Sodium  chloride 


Limit  charge      .... 
Power  (swing  of  ballistic  pendulum) 
The  permit  has  now  been  repealed. 


58 

8'5 

9 

1-5 
23 

18  oz. 
2-54" 


ABELITE. — A  coal-mine  explosive  made   by  the  Lan- 
cashire Explosives  Co.    Two  formulas  were  approved — 

No.  1.       No.  4. 

Date  of  Permit  .  .      7-4-14 

Ammonium  nitrate  68*5 


Dinitro-benzene 
Trinitro-toluene 
Sodium  chloride 
Starch 


7 

7 

17'5 


67 

14'5 

7 

11-5 


Limit  charge      .         .         .       14  oz.      18  oz. 
Power    (swing    of    ballistic 

pendulum)      .         .         .         2*85"        2 '79" 

The  permits  have  now  been  repealed. 
1 


2 


DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES 


Abelite    (without    distinguishing    number)    is    simply 
mixture  of  ammonium  nitrate  and  trinitro-toluene — 


Ammonium  nitrate 
Trinitro-toluene 


83 
17 


It  is  therefore  a  variety  of  Bellite  in  which  the  dinitro-benzene 
has  been  replaced  by  trinitro-toluene.  It  is  used  for  filling 
grenades  and  general  blasting  purposes,  but  is  not  permitted 
in  dangerous  coal  mines. 

AEROLIT   is   a  Danish  ammonium  nitrate  explosive, 


e.g. 


Ammonium  nitrate 

Potassium  nitrate 

Sulphur 

Fat 

Sago  meal 

Manganese  dioxide 

Resin 


78-125 
7'5 
8'75 
2-5 
1-25 
1-25 
0-625 


AETNA  GOAL  POWDER  is  an  American  coal-mine 
powder  on  the  Permissible  List.  Brands  A,  B  and  C  are 
nitroglycerine  explosives.  A  A  and  No.  2  are  ammonium 
nitrate  explosives. 

AETNA  POWDER.— A  variety  of  American  dynamite 
containing  15  to  65  per  cent,  of  nitroglycerine  mixed  with 
wood  pulp  and  sodium  nitrate.  Roasted  flour  has  sometimes 
been  substituted  for  wood  pulp. 

AJAX  POWDER.— A  coal-mine  explosive  made  by 
Nobel's  Explosives  Co. 


Date  of  Permit 
Nitroglycerine 
Nitrocotton    . 
Di-  and  trinitro -toluenes 
Potassium  perchlorate 
Wood  meal     . 
Ammonium  oxalate 
Limit  charge  . 
Power  (swing  of  ballistic  pendulum) 


1-9-13 
22-3 

0-7 

3-5 
37 
11-5 
25 
12  oz. 

2-69" 


In  1914,  329,000  Ibs.  were  used  in  coal  mines,  but  the  permit 
has  now  been  repealed. 


DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES  3 

ALBIONITE. — A  mixture  of  gelignite  and  ammonium 
oxalate.  It  was  formerly  on  the  Permitted  List. 

ALBIT. — A  German  chlorate  explosive  introduced  in 
1915  in  consequence  of  the  scarcity  of  nitrates  due  to  the  War. 
It  is  defined  as  consisting  of  not  more  than  80  per  cent,  sodium 
or  potassium  chlorate,  not  more  than  4  per  cent,  nitroglycerine, 
and  mono-  or  dinitro-hydrocarbons.  It  may  also  contain 
inorganic  salts  and  carbon  carriers  such  as  vegetable  meal, 
oils,  soaps  or  carbohydrates.  A  variety  made  for  use  in 
coal  mines  is  called  Wetter-Albit  or  Kohlen-Albit. 

ALDORFIT.     See  DORFIT. 

ALKAL8IT. — A  German  chlorate  or  perchlorate  explosive 
made  by  the  Dynamit  A.G.  of  Hamburg.  It  contains  not 
more  than  80  per  cent,  sodium  or  potassium  chlorate,  or 
not  more  than  80  per  cent,  sodium,  potassium  or  ammonium 
perchlorate,  and  19  per  cent,  of  aromatic  nitro-hydrocarbons 
and  nitrocotton,  also  coal,  hydrocarbons  or  carbohydrates,  and 
nitrates.  The  chlorate  mixtures  must  not  contain  ammonium 
salts.  Alkalsit  I  contains  not  more  than  27  per  cent, 
of  potassium  perchlorate,  ammonium  nitrate,  not  more  than 
24  per  cent,  of  sodium  nitrate,  not  more  than  8  per  cent,  of 
trinitro-toluene,  also  wood  meal,  flour  and  nitro-naphthalene. 
Alkalsit  A  contains  not  more  than  55  per  cent,  of  potassium 
perchlorate,  ammonium  nitrate,  not  more  than  31  per  cent, 
trinitro-toluene,  and  not  more  than  5  per  cent,  of  a  neutral 
liquid  mixture  of  nitrated  toluenes.  Alkalsit  B  is  similar 
except  that  it  contains  also  ammonium  nitrate. 

ALSILITE  S.G.P. — A  Belgian  coal-mine  explosive  on 
the  list  of  Explosifs  S.G.P.  It  is  of  the  Ammonal  type — 

Ammonium  nitrate  .  .  .  .62 
Trinitro-toluene  .  .  .  .  .11 
Ferro-silicon-aluminium  ....  5 
Sodium  chloride 22 

Charge  limite 900  g. 


4  DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES 

ALUMATOL. — A  mixture  of  ammonium  nitrate,  trini- 
tro -toluene  and  a  little  aluminium  powder,  used  for  charging 
trench-mortar  bombs,  etc. 

AMASITE. — A  coal-mine  explosive  formerly  on  the 
Permitted  List — 

Ammonium  perchlorate   .         .         .         .84 

Sodium  nitrate        .         .         .         .         .81 

Myrobolans     .          .          .          .          .          .34*7 

Agar  agar 0*3 

It  was  made  by  the  Societ£  Anonyrne  de  Vilvorde  in  Belgium, 
and  was  originally  called  Ugolite. 

Rock  Amasite  and  S.T.  Amasite  are  non-permitted  ex- 
plosives of  composition  somewhat  similar  to  the  above. 

AMATOL. — A  mixture  of  ammonium  nitrate  and  trini- 
tro-toluene.  The  composition  is  shown  by  the  figures  placed 
after  the  name ;  thus  Amatol  40/60  contains  40  per  cent, 
ammonium  nitrate  and  60  per  cent,  trinitro-toluene,  and 
Amatol  80/20  consists  of  80  parts  ammonium  nitrate  and  20 
parts  trinitro-toluene.  These  explosives  are  used  very  exten- 
sively for  filling  shell  and  other  projectiles.  The  mixtures 
rich  in  trinitro-toluene  can  be  cast  after  being  heated  to 
temperature  above  the  melting-point  of  this  constituent, 
but  those  rich  in  ammonium  nitrate  are  stemmed  into  the 
projectile  hot  or  pressed.  Similar  mixtures  are  used  by  the 
Germans  and  other  powers  under  various  names.  In  Germany 
it  is  called  Fullpulver  (q.  v.). 

AM  AT  OX  OL. — A  mixture  of  ammonium  nitrate  and 
Toxol,  which  consists  of  trinitro-toluene  and  trinitro-xylene. 

*AMBERITE. — A  smokeless  shot-gun  powder  made  by 
Curtis's  and  Harvey  at  Tonbridge.  Amberite  No.  1  con- 
tained nitroglycerine  as  well  as  nitrocotton  and  various  other 
substances.  According  to  "  Arms  and  Explosives,"  1917,  p.  78, 
a  sample  of  Amberite  No.  2  had  the  composition — 


DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES  5 

Insoluble  nitrocotton        .  18*6 

Soluble              „                 .          .  46-0 

Nitrates  of  potassium  and  barium  28*0 

Vaseline          ....  6*0 

Volatile  matter        ...  1'4 

This  is  still  on  the  market.  It  is  a  fibrous  42-grain  bulk 
powder. 

*AMIDE  POWDER  or  Chilworth  Special  Powder  was 
an  early  attempt  at  a  smokeless  powder.  Under  the  name 
of  Amidpulver  it  was  used  by  the  German  artillery  for  some 
years  in  the  'eighties  of  the  last  century.  Its  composition 
was — 

Ammonium  nitrate  ....  85-88 
Potassium  nitrate  .....  40-46 
Charcoal 14-22 

See  also  Ammonpulver  and  Hebler  Powder. 

AMMONAL  is  a  blasting  explosive  containing  ammonium 
nitrate,  aluminium  powder,  charcoal,  and  generally  trinitro- 
toluene. It  was  patented  in  1900  by  G.  Roth  of  Vienna,  and 
the  following  are  some  of  the  compositions  made  by  his  firm 
at  Felixdorf  in  Austria — 

a          6        c        d 

Ammonium  nitrate  .     80-75    90     88    80 

Aluminium     .         .         .15  4       8     18 

Charcoal         .         .         .       4'25      642 

More  violent  mixtures  made  by  the  same  firm  are — 

I      II 
Ammonium  nitrate  .         .          .          .     46     32 

Trinitro-toluene 80     50 

Aluminium 22     16 

Charcoal 22 

and  modifications  of  this  have  been  used  largely  in  the  British 
service.  It  is  not  suitable  for  use  in  underground  workings 
as  it  forms  on  explosion  the  poisonous  gas  carbon  monoxide, 
unless  theTproportion  of  ammonium  nitrate  be  large.  It 


6  DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES 

has  been  used  for  charging  grenades,  and  by  the  Austrians 
for  trench  howitzer  bombs. 

When  the  explosive  is  detonated,  the  aluminium  is  con- 
verted into  the  oxide,  evolving  no  gas,  but  a  considerable 
amount  of  heat,  which  increases  the  power  of  the  explosive. 
The  aluminium  powder  also  renders  the  explosive  easier  to 
detonate. 

Three  explosives  of  this  type  passed  the  Woolwich  Test, 
and  were  on  the  old  Permitted  List  for  coal  mines,  namely, 
Ammonal  B,  Ripping  Ammonal  and  Saint  Helen's  Powder 
(q.v.). 

Ripping 
Ammonal  B.     Ammonal. 

Ammonium  nitrate  .         .  94 f5  86 
Aluminium       ...         8  8 

Charcoal  .          .       *  .          2'5  2'5 

Potassium  bichromate        .  3*5 

No  explosives  containing  aluminium  are  on  the  present  Per- 
mitted List. 

AMMONGAHUEGIT  \  CAHUECIT. 

See 
AMMONCARBONIT  GARBONIT. 


AMMONIAKKRUT  was  the  first  ammonium  nitrate 
explosive.  It  was  invented  by  J.  Ohlsson  and  J.  H.  Norrbin, 
two  Swedes,  and  was  protected  by  English  Patent  2766  of  1869. 
It  consisted  of  ammonium  nitrate  together  with  5  or  10  per 
cent,  of  charcoal,  coal  dust,  etc.,  to  which  mixture  was  added 
10  to  30  per  cent,  of  nitroglycerine  to  make  it  less  difficult 
to  detonate. 

AMMONITE  is  a  coal-mine  explosive  of  the  Favier  type, 
made  by  the  Miners'  Safety  Explosives  Co.  The  original 
composition,  which  passed  the  Woolwich  Test  was — 

Ammonium  nitrate  .          .          .          .88 

Dinitro-naphthalene         .         .         .         .     12 


DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES  7 

To  pass  the  more  severe  Rotherham  Test  a  number  of 
compositions  have  been  made  and  approved,  but  some  of 
them  have  been  repealed.  Those  now  on  the  Permitted 
List  are — 

Ammonite       Ammonite.      Ammonite 

No.  1.  No.  5. 

Date  of  Permit    .  .         29-8-14  5-11-17  2-8-18 

Ammonium  nitrate  74'5  78'5  74-5 

Dinitro -naphthalene 


Trinitro-naphthalene 
Trinitro-toluene   . 
Sodium  chloride  . 


20'5  21  20-5 


Limit  charge  24  18  26  oz. 

Power  (swing  of  ballistic 

pendulum)         .          .  2'42  2'44  2-41" 

Ammonite  No.  1  is  used  on  a  considerable  scale  in  coal 
mines.  A  non-permitted  explosive  called  Ripping  Ammonite 
is  also  made. 

*AMMONPULVER  is  a  propellant  which  was  used  by 
the  Austrians  from  1890  to  1896  in  guns  of  various  calibres — 

Ammonium  nitrate           ....     80-90 
Charcoal 10-20 

It  was  superseded  by  a  powder  of  the  ballistite  type,  but  has 
been  reintroduced  recently  by  the  Germans  to  replace  a  part 
of  the  charge  of  nitrocellulose  powder  in  their  field  gun.  The 
advantages  claimed  for  it  are  small  erosion  of  the  gun,  absence 
of  muzzle  flame,  chemical  stability,  and  cheapness.  On 
the  other  hand,  it  gives  high  pressures,  and  if  used  by  itself 
requires  a  gun  with  a  specially  large  chamber ;  but  the  most 
serious  objection  to  it  is  that  on  keeping,  physical  changes 
take  place  in  the  pellets,  leading  to  the  production  of  very  high 
pressures.  It  is  said  that  moisture  promotes  these  changes. 
See  also  Amide  Powder. 

AMVIS. — A  coal-mine  explosive  formerly  on  the  Per- 
mitted List — 


8  DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES 

Ammonium  nitrate  .         .         .         .90 

Wood  meal     ......       5 

Dinitro-benzene 
Chlorinated  naphthalene 

Neu  ANAGON. — A  German  blasting  explosive  containing 
not  more  than  70  per  cent,  of  ammonium  nitrate,  zinc- 
aluminium  alloy  and  charcoal. 

ANCHORITE.— A  coal-mine  explosive  of  the  Favier 
type,  formerly  on  the  Permitted  List.  It  was  made  by 
Kynoch-Arklow,  Ltd. 

Date  of  Permit 13-6-14 

Ammonium  nitrate  84 '8 


Sodium  nitrate 
Ammonium  chloride 
Trinitro-toluene 

Limit  charge  .... 
Power  (swing  of  ballistic  pendulum) 


83-3 
20'2 
12'2 

14  oz. 
2-78" 


ANILIT.  —  A  German  explosive  containing  not  less  than 
70  per  cent,  of  ammonium  nitrate,  not  more  than  5  per  cent. 
of  sugar,  and  copper  sulphate-aniline  or  copper  oxalate- 
aniline. 

ANILITE.  —  A  French  liquid  explosive  of  the  Sprengel 
class  used  for  aerial  bombs. 


ANTIGEL     DE     SftRET.—  A     Belgian     coal-mine 
explosive  — 

Nitroglycerine         .  .         .         .         .25 

Sodium  nitrate        .  .          .          .         .20 

Dinitro-toluene        .  .         .         .         .15 

Ammonium  sulphate  ....       5 

Cellulose        \  QK 

Wood  meal    j 

The  Charge  limite  is  900  grammes,  which  is  equivalent  to 
524  grammes  of  dynamite  No.  1.  The  composition  is  the 
same  as  that  of  Ing<§lite.  It  is  a  low-freezing  nitroglycerine 
explosive. 


DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES 


APHOSITE. — A  coal-mine  explosive  formerly  on  the 
Permitted  List — 

Ammonium  nitrate  .  60 

Potassium  nitrate    .  .  29*5 

Charcoal         ...  4 

Wood  meal     ...  4 

Sulphur  ...  2-5 

*APYRITE. — A  nitrocellulose  smokeless  powder  formerly 
made  in  Sweden  by  the  Societe*  Grakrut. 

ARKITE. — A  coal-mine  explosive  made  by  Kynoch, 
Ltd.  The  original  composition  which  passed  the  Woolwich 
Test  was — 


Nitroglycerine 
Nitrocotton    . 
Potassium  nitrate    . 
Wood  meal     . 
Ammonium  oxalate 


52-5 
8-5 

22 
7 

15 


7-4-14 

82 

1 

27 

10 

80 

Clvf 

40  oz. 

2-41" 

The  proportions  were  modified,  and  the  following  passed  the 
Rotherham  Test,  and  was  on  the  Permitted  List — 

ARKITE  No.  2. 

Date  of  Permit 
Nitroglycerine 
Nitrocotton    . 
Potassium  nitrate 
Wood  meal     . 
Ammonium  oxalate 

Limit  charge  .... 
Power  (swing  of  ballistic  pendulum) 

It  has  now  been  repealed. 

ASTRALIT. — An  ammonium  nitrate  explosive  con- 
taining a  little  blasting  gelatine,  made  by  the  Dynamit  A.  G. 
Nobel  of  Hamburg.  It  has  been  used  largely  in  Germany 
for  a  variety  of  purposes. 

Astralit  I  and  II  are  defined  as  consisting  of  ammonium 
nitrate,  charcoal,  vegetable  meal,  not  more  than  15  per  cent, 
of  aromatic  nitro-bodies  not  more  dangerous  than  trinitro- 
toluene, not  more  than  4  per  cent,  of  blasting  gelatine ;  also 
paraffin  oil. 


10 


DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES 


Astralit  IV  consists  of  ammonium  nitrate,  not  more  than 
10  per  cent,  of  aromatic  nitro-bodies  not  more  dangerous  than 
dinitro-naphthalene,  vegetable  meal,  and  not  more  than 
4  per  cent,  of  blasting  gelatine. 

Astralit  V,  which  has  been  introduced  recently,  contains 
up  to  10  per  cent,  of  potassium  perchlorate  in  addition  to 
ammonium  nitrate,  also  vegetable  meal,  not  more  than  16 
per  cent,  of  aromatic  nitro-compounds,  and  not  more  than 

4  per  cent,  of  nitroglycerine. 

Gelatine-Astralit  is  a  gelatinised  or  powdery  mixture  of 
the  nitrates  of  ammonium  and  sodium  (or  potassium),  not 
more  than  50  per  cent,  of  dinitro-chlorhydrin,  not  more  than 

5  per  cent,  of  nitroglycerine,  not  more  than  2  per  cent,  of 
collodion  cotton,  vegetable  meal,  aromatic  nitro-bodies  such 
as  nitro-toluenes  or  nitro-naphthalenes,  but  not  more  than 
4  per  cent,  of  trinitro-toluene ;  also  hydrocarbons. 

Wetter- Astralit  is  a  coal-mine  explosive,  and  differs  from 
Astralit  in  that  part  of  the  ammonium  nitrate  is  replaced  by 
sodium  chloride. 

Wetter-Gelatine- Astralit  is  also  a  coal-mine  explosive, 
and  differs  from  Gelatine-Astralit  in  that  it  contains  also 
fatty  oils  and  neutral  salts,  such  as  potassium  chloride,  sodium 
chloride  or  an  oxalate. 

The  following  percentage  compositions  have  been  given — 


Nitroglycerine 
Ammonium  nitrate 
Trinitro-toluene 
Wood  meal  . 
Charcoal 
Paraffin  oil    . 
Sodium  chloride 


Astralit. 

Wetter- 

Astralit. 

4 

4 

84-5 

74-5 

7 

7 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2-5 

2'5 

— 

10 

Nitroglycerine  . 
Dinitro-chlorhydrin 
Nitrocotton 
Ammonium  nitrate 
Sodium  nitrate 
Dinitro-toluene 
Nitro-toluene    . 
Wood  meal 
Potato  meal 
Rape  oil  . 
Ammonium  oxalate 
Sodium  chloride 


Gelatine- 
Wetter- 
As  trali  t. 

4 
10 

0-5 
40 

7'5 

4 

1 

0-5 

8 

2 

2'5 
14 


DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES 


11 


Explosives  of  the  Astralit  type  have  also  been  used  exten- 
sively by  the  Germans  for  filling  trench  howitzer  shell  and 
similar  projectiles.  The  following  is  approximately  the  com- 
position used  for  this  purpose — 


Nitroglycerine 
Nitrocotton    . 
Ammonium  nitrate 
Trinitro-toluene 
Wood  meal 


3 

0-5 
77 
16 

3'5 


This  explosive  was  authorised  in  England  under  the 
name  of  Australite. 

ATLAS  POWDER. — A  brand  of  American  straight 
dynamite. 

AUSTRALITE.     See  ASTRALIT. 

*AXITE.  A  smokeless  powder  made  by  Kynoch,  Ltd., 
and  used  for  sporting  rifles.  It  is  a  sort  of  Cordite  MD,  with 
a  little  of  the  guncotton  replaced  by  potassium  nitrate,  and 
is  in  the  form  of  flat  strips.  A  sample  had  the  composition — 


Nitroglycerine 
Guncotton 
Potassium  nitrate 
Mineral  jelly  . 
Volatile  matter 


29-7 

63-1 

1-9 

5-1 

0-2 


*B. — Poudre  B  is  the  French  service  propellant.  It  con- 
sists of  nitrocotton  gelatinised  with  ether-alcohol,  in  which 
it  is  partly  soluble.  A  little  diphenylamine  is  added  to 
increase  the  stability.  Formerly,  various  other  additions 
have  been  made.  A  letter  or  letters  are  added  to  show  the 
size  of  the  powder  and  the  purpose  for  which  it  is  used — 

Poudre  BF  for  rifles(  from/usil). 

BNF  a  later  powder  for  rifles  (from  nouveau). 
/       BC  for  field  guns  (from  campagne). 

BSP  for  siege  howitzers  (from  siege  et  place). 
BGC  for  larger  military  guns  (from  gros  calibre). 
BM  for  naval   ordnance   (from   marine) ;    a   figure   is 
added  to  show  the  size. 


12  DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES 

Further  letters  and  figures  are  added  to  show  other 
particulars  about  the  powder;  D2  means  2  per  cent,  of 
diphenylamine  has  been  added  as  a  stabiliser,  or  AM8,  8  per 
cent,  of  amyl  alcohol.  The  place  and  date  of  manufacture 
are  similarly  indicated. 

BAELENITE.— A  Belgian  mining  explosive— 

i.      n. 

Ammonium  nitrate  .         .  85      95 

Trinitro-toluene       .         .         .         .15        5 

Charge  limite 0      75 

It  is  authorised  for  manufacture  in,  or  importation  into  the 
United  Kingdom. 

*BALLISTITE.— One  of  the  first  military  smokeless 
powders,  invented  by  Nobel.  It  consisted  of  about  equal 
parts  of  nitroglycerine  and  soluble  nitrocotton  incorporated 
together  under  water,  then  passed  repeatedly  through  rolls 
and  cut  into  flakes.  It  was  adopted  by  a  number  of  Con- 
tinental powers,  but  in  consequence  of  the  severe  erosion 
of  the  guns  which  it  caused,  it  has  been  modified  or  aban- 
doned. The  percentage  of  nitroglycerine  is  reduced,  and 
consequently  it  is  necessary  to  use  a  solvent  such  as  acetone. 
A  little  mineral  jelly  or  other  stabiliser  is  sometimes  added. 

BARATOL. — A  mixture  of  barium  nitrate  and  trinitro- 
toluene. 

BARBARIT. — A  German  chlorate  explosive  made  at 
the  Sprengstoff-fabriken  Kriewald  bei  Gleinitz. 

Potassium  chlorate  ....     90-92 

High-boiling  petroleum    ....       8-10 

The  petroleum  has  a  flash  point  not  below  105°  C.,  and  com- 
mences to  boil  not  below  242°. 


DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES  13 

Gelatine-Barbarit  has  the  composition — 

Potassium  chlorate  .          .          .         .80 

Trinitro-toluene       .          .          .          .          .10 
Liquid  mono-  and  dinitro-toluenes  gelatin-^    10 
ised  with  5  per  cent,  collodion  cotton      / 

BARKING  POWDER.— A  mixture  of  ammonium  per- 
chlorate  and  nitrated  naphthalene,  formerly  used  in  coal  mines. 

BAUTZENER  SIGHERHEITSPULVER.— A  German 
coal-mine  explosive  containing  not  less  than  70  per  cent, 
of  ammonium  nitrate,  barium  nitrate,  and  not  more  than 
15  per  cent,  of  trinitro-toluene. 

BAVARIT. — A  German  coal-mine  explosive  similar  to 
Grisounite.  It  contains  90  per  cent,  of  ammonium  nitrate 
together  with  nitrated  naphthalene ;  charcoal  may  be  added. 

BELLITE  is  essentially  a  mixture  of  ammonium  nitrate 
and  metadinitro-benzene.  It  has  been  used  extensively  as 
a  coal-mine  explosive,  and  was  patented  by  C.  Lamm  of 
Stockholm  in  1885.  Two  varieties  passed  the  Woolwich 
Test  and  were  on  the  old  Permitted  List — 

No.  1.       No.  3. 

Ammonium  nitrate  .         .         .    83*5       93'5 

Dinitro-benzene       ....     16*5         6*5 

No.  1  contains  just  enough  oxygen  for  complete  combustion, 
and  No.  3  contains  a  large  excess  of  oxygen.  To  enable  the 
explosive  to  pass  the  Rotherham  Test  sodium  chloride  has 
been  added.  There  were  four  varieties  on  the  present  Per- 
mitted List,  but  all  except  the  following,  No.  1,  have  been 

repealed — 

No.  1. 

Date  of  Permit    ,  .  .         3-2-16 

Ammonium  nitrate       .         .  63*5 

Dinitro-benzene  .         .          .  15 

Sodium  chloride  .         .         .  16*5 
Starch         ....  5 

Limit  charge        ...         20 
Power     (swing     of    ballistic 

pendulum)       .         .         .          2 '74 


14  DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES 

BENTAL  GOAL  POWDER.— An  American  coal-mine 
explosive  on  the  Permissible  List.  It  is  an  ammonium 
nitrate  explosive. 

BITUMINITE. — There  are  several  coal-mine  explosives 
of  this  name  on  the  American  Permissible  List.  Nos.  1,  3, 
4  and  8  L.F.  are  nitroglycerine  explosives.  No.  5  is  an 
ammonium  nitrate  explosive. 

BLACK  DIAMOND. — There  are  several  coal-mine  ex- 
plosives of  this  name  on  the  American  Permissible  List. 
Nos.  2A,  SA  and  6  L.F.  are  nitroglycerine  explosives,  whereas 
Nos.  5,  7  and  8  are  ammonium  nitrate  explosives. 

BLACK  POWDER  is  a  name  for  ordinary  gunpowder, 
a  mixture  of  potassium  nitrate,  sulphur  and  charcoal. 

BLASTINE  is  a  high  explosive  having  approximately 
the  composition — 

Ammonium  perchlorate  .  .  .  .60 
Sodium  nitrate  .  .  .  .  .23 
Dinitro- toluene  .  .  .  .  .11 
Paraffin  wax  ......  6 

As  the  sodium  nitrate  in  the  above  is  not  equivalent  to  the 
ammonium  perchlorate,  part  of  the  chlorine  is  given  off  in 
the  form  of  the  poisonous  gas,  hydrogen  chloride  (hydro- 
chloric acid). 

BLASTING  GELATINE.— Nitroglycerine,  stiffened  by 
having  collodion  cotton  dissolved  in  it.  Discovered  by 
Nobel  in  1875.  It  contains  about — 

Nitroglycerine  .  .  .  .  .93 
Collodion  cotton  .  .  .  .  .7 

and  also  often  a  fraction  of  a  percentage  of  calcium  or  mag- 


DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES  15 

nesium  carbonate  to  increase  its  stability.  This  is  the  most 
powerful  of  all  the  explosives  in  common  use. 

BOBBINITE. — The  only  explosive  of  the  gunpowder 
class  the  use  of  which  is  permitted  in  coal  mines  in  England. 
In  most  foreign  countries  explosives  of  this  class  are  not 
allowed  to  be  used  in  them  at  all.  The  permission  is  only 
temporary,  but  has  been  extended  to  the  end  of  1920,  and 
is  restricted  to  mines  that  are  not  gassy  or  dangerous  from 
coal  dust.  There  are  two  definitions,  but  the  second  is  the 
one  that  is  generally  manufactured  apparently — 

First.  Second. 

Potassium  nitrate    .          .          .     63'5  65 

Charcoal          ....     18'5  20 

Sulphur           ....       2  2 
Sulphates   of    ammonium    and 

copper         .          .          .          .15 

Rice  or  maize  starch         .                —  9 

Paraffin  wax  ....      —  3 

Moisture         ....       1  1 

More  than  a  million  pounds  of  this  explosive  are  used  in 
coal  mines  every  year.  It  shatters  the  coal  less  than  high 
explosives  do. 

BOMLIT. — A  German  potassium  perchlorate  blasting 
explosive  made  by  Wolff  et  Cie.  at  Walsrode.  It  contains 
also  ammonium  nitrate,  trinitro-toluene  and  guncotton. 
Other  ingredients  that  may  be  present  are  potassium  and 
sodium  nitrates,  starch  meal,  vaseline,  naphthalene  and  other 
hydrocarbons,  charcoal  and  castor  oil. 

BRITONITE. — A  coal-mine  explosive  of  the  Carbonite 
type,  made  by  the  British  Explosives  Syndicate,  Ltd.,  Pitsea. 
The  original  composition  passed  the  Woolwich  Test  and  was 
on  the  list  of  Permitted  Explosives,  but  on  the  introduction 
of  the  Rotherham  Test  it  became  necessary  to  add  ammonium 
oxalate  or  sodium  chloride.  Nos.  2  and  3  were  on  the 
Permitted  List,  but  have  now  been  repealed. 


16  DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES 

No.  2.  No.  3. 

Date  of  Permit        .  .  1-9-13  28-1-15 

Nitroglycerine          .  26  24  24'5 

Sodium  nitrate        .  28 

Potassium  nitrate    .  82*7       30 

Wood  meal  41  38  35 '5 

Sodium  carbonate   .  0*3 
Ammonium  oxalate  8 

Sodium  chloride      .  12 

Limit  charge  .  —       24          24  oz. 

Power  (swing  of  bal- 
listic pendulum)  .  2'26       2'17" 

BROWN  POWDER.     See  COCOA  POWDER. 
BRUGtRE'S  POWDER  consisted  of— 

Ammonium  picrate          .         .         .         .54 
Potassium  nitrate   .         .         .         .         .46 

It  was  stated  to  give  good  results  in  the  Chassepot  rifle,  but 
picrate  mixtures  are  liable  to  detonate,  and  are  therefore 
dangerous  to  use  as  propellants. 

BULL  DOG  Gunpowder  Pellets  were  used  in  coal  mines. 
They  contained  the  same  constituents  as  Bobbinite,  which 
superseded  them,  but  in  different  proportions. 

Explosifs  C  were  mixtures  of  ammonium  cresylate  with 
ammonium  or  sodium  nitrate.  They  were  made  in  France  at 
one  time,  but  their  manufacture  was  dropped,  as  they 
were  more  expensive  to  make  than  Grisounite,  and  no 
more  powerful. 

CAHUECIT.— This  was  invented  in  the  'seventies  of  the 
last  century  by  R.  Cahuc,  and  was  manufactured  at  Dartford 
in  Kent  under  the  name  of  Safety  Blasting  Powder  or  Carbo- 
azotine.  It  is  still  made  in  Germany.  The  ingredients  are — 

English.  German, 

Potassium  nitrate    ...      64  70 

Sulphur  flowers        .          .          .12  12 
Lampblack  or  soot                             7  8 

Bark  or  wood  pulp  .         .17  10 


DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES 


17 


to  which  are  added  a  few  per  cent,  of  sulphate  of  iron.  The 
incorporation  is  carried  out  with  the  assistance  of  a  con- 
siderable quantity  of  water,  which  is  afterwards  evaporated 
off.  The  mixing  is  not  very  thorough.  The  explosive  is  a 
comparatively  mild  one,  but  is  used  sometimes  for  blasting 
basalt.  In  the  German  explosive  the  potassium  nitrate  may 
be  replaced  by  the  corresponding  sodium  salt. 

AMMONGAHUECIT.— In  this  explosive  the  potassium 
nitrate  is  replaced  mainly  or  wholly  by  ammonium  nitrate, 
and  it  contains  not  more  than  15  per  cent,  of  trinitro-toluene 
or  trinitro-naphthalene  or  other  nitro-body. 

The  brand  labelled  "  Fram  "  contains  ammonium  nitrate, 
not  more  than  25  per  cent,  of  trinitro-toluene  gelatinised 
with  4  per  cent,  collodion  cotton,  wood  meal  or  other 
vegetable  meal  and  neutral  stable  salts.  The  brand  "  Indra  " 
is  similar,  except  that  it  contains  also  not  more  than  10  per 
cent,  potassium  nitrate,  and  the  percentage  of  trinitro- 
toluene may  be  raised  to  20. 

GAMBRITE  is  a  coal-mine  explosive  of  the  Carbonite  type 
made  by  Nobels  at  Ardeer.  It  consists  practically  of  Nobel 
Carbonite,  to  which  8  per  cent,  of  a  cooling  agent  has  been 
added.  Unlike  most  of  the  explosives  on  the  old  Permitted 
List,  it  passed  the  Rotherham  Test  with  practically  no 
alteration — 


Date  of  Permit   . 
Nitroglycerine 
Barium  nitrate     . 
Potassium  nitrate 
Wood  meal . 
Calcium  carbonate 
Ammonium  oxalate 
Potassium  chloride 

Limit  charge 
Power  (swing  of  ballistic  pen 
dulum)     . 


Only  No.  2  is  now  on  the  Permitted  List. 
2 


Cambrito. 
1-9-13 

No.  2. 
1-4-15 

23 

23 

4 

4 

27-5 

27-5 

87-2 

87 

0-3 

0-5 

8 

— 

— 

8 

80 

24  oz. 

1-98 

2-00" 

18  DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES 

CAMERON  MINE  POWDER.— There  are  a  number 
of  coal-mine  explosives  of  this  name  on  the  American  Per- 
missible List.  Nos.  IA,  2A  and  2A  LF  are  ammonium  nitrate 
explosives,  whereas  Nos.  8 A  and  5 A  are  nitroglycerine 
explosives. 

*CANNONITE  was  a  smokeless  powder  made  by  a  firm 
called  the  War  and  Sporting  Smokeless  Powder  Syndicate,  Ltd. 
It  consisted  of  about  86  per  cent,  of  nitrocellulose  mostly 
insoluble  in  ether-alcohol,  and  a  few  per  cent,  of  barium  nitrate, 
together  with  small  quantities  of  some  of  the  following : 
potassium  nitrate,  charcoal,  lampblack,  vaseline,  rosin, 
stearine,  dinitro-benzene,  trinitro-toluene,  potassium  ferro- 
cyanide,  graphite.  For  shot-guns  the  powder  was  of  the 
forty-two  grain  type,  dense  and  gelatinised.  The  rifle 
powder  was  colloidal.  These  powders  were  made  in  the 
'nineties  of  the  last  century. 

GARBITE  D'ABLON  is  a  sort  of  Carbonite  made  in 
France — 

Nitroglycerine 26 

Potassium  nitrate    .          .          .          .          .33 
Wood  meal  or  flour  .         .          .          .41 

GARBOAZOTINE.     See  GAHUEGIT. 

CARBO-DYNAMITE  was  an  explosive  patented  by 
W.  D.  Borland.  It  differed  from  ordinary  dynamite  in  that 
the  nitroglycerine  was  absorbed  in  cork  charcoal  instead  of 
kieselguhr.  One  part  of  the  charcoal  sufficed  to  absorb 
nine  parts  of  nitroglycerine. 

GARBONITE  (or  Karbonit)  was  one  of  the  earliest  and 
one  of  the  most  successful  coal-mine  explosives.  It  was 
first  made  by  Bichel  and  Schmidt  at  Schlebusch  in  Germany 
in  1885,  and  after  some  modifications  gave  satisfactory 
results  at  the  Neunkirchen  testing  station  in  1887.  It 


DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES 


19 


contains  about  26  per  cent,  of  nitroglycerine,  83  per  cent,  of 
a  nitrate,  and  40  per  cent,  of  wood  meal  or  starch  flour,  and 
small  quantities  of  other  substances.  Nobel  Carbonite 
passed  the  Woolwich  Test  and  had  the  composition — 


Nitroglycerine 

Barium  nitrate 

Potassium  nitrate    . 

Wood  meal     . 

"  Sulphuretted  benzol  " 

Sodium  and  calcium  carbonates 


26 
4 

29 

40'5 
0-25 
0-25 


The  Carbonite  made  at  the  works  of  the  Carbonite  Syndicate 
at  Schlebusch,  and  imported  into  Great  Britain,  was  prac- 
tically the  same  as  this,  but  they  also  made  another  explosive 
which  passed  the  Woolwich  Test,  and  contained  85  per  cent, 
of  nitroglycerine  gelatinised  with  nitrocotton,  and  smaller 
proportions  of  nitrates  and  wood  meal  than  are  given  above  : 
this  was  called  Extra-Carbonite.  They  have  also  made 
explosives  to  numerous  modifications  of  this  formula  for 
use  on  the  Continent.  The  essential  feature  of  all  of  them 
is  that  they  contain  so  much  of  the  combustible  constituents, 
such  as  wood  meal,  that  most  of  the  carbon  appears  in  the 
products  of  explosion  as  carbon  monoxide,  and  the  temperature 
of  the  gases  is  consequently  low. 

Nobels  at  Ardeer  also  made  a  low  freezing  explosive  in 
which  part  of  the  nitroglycerine  was  replaced  by  a  nitro- 
compound.  This  was  called  Arctic  Carbonite — 


Nitroglycerine 
Nitro-hydrocarbon 
Potassium  nitrate 
Wood  meal     . 
Calcium  carbonate 


15-5 
10-5 
42 
81-7 
0-8 


Various  manufacturers  have  made  explosives  of  the  type 
of  Carbonite  and  placed  them  on  the  market  under  different 
names,  such  as  Tutol,  Kolax,  Kohlen-Carbonite,  Minite  and 
Colinite.  These,  however,  do  not  pass  the  Rotherham  Test 
for  Permitted  Explosives,  unless  ammonium  oxalate  or  other 


20  DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES 

cooling  agent  be  added,  as  in  the  case  of  Cambrite,  Super- 
Kolax  and  Britonite  No.  2. 

On  the  Continent,  explosives  similar  to  Arctic  Carbonite 
have  been  produced  under  the  names  Antigel  de  Surete* 
and  Ingelite. 

There  are  several  Carbonites  on  the  American  Permissible 
List.  Of  these  Nos.  1  to  4  are  in  order  of  diminishing  violence  : 
Nos.  5  and  6  are  low  freezing  varieties.  There  are  also  a 
number  of  other  explosives  of  the  Carbonite  type  on  the  List. 

Ammonkarbonit  is  a  German  coal-mine  explosive,  con- 
taining about  80  per  cent,  of  ammonium  nitrate  and  4  per 
cent,  of  blasting  gelatine,  together  with  5  or  10  per  cent,  of 
potassium  nitrate,  and  a  combustible  such  as  flour,  starch 
or  coal  dust.  Sodium  or  potassium  chloride  may  be  added 
as  a  cooling  agent.  It  has  been  used  for  blasting  clay. 

Gelatine-Karbonit  is  a  Carbonite  containing  ammonium 
nitrate,  and  a  considerable  proportion  of  nitroglycerine 
gelatinised  with  collodion  cotton. 

Halokarbonit  is  similar  to  Ammonkarbonit,  except  that 
a  considerable  proportion  of  the  ammonium  nitrate  is  replaced 
by  other  nitrates. 

CARLSONITE  was  the  first  ammonium  perchlorate 
explosive  submitted  to  H.M.  Inspectors  of  Explosives.  It 
was  proposed  in  1898  by  Carlson  of  Stockholm,  and  some  of 
the  mixtures  were  reported  on  favourably,  but  no  licence 
was  ever  taken  out  in  the  United  Kingdom  for  this  explosive. 

G.E.  (Composition  Exploding)  is  the  same  as  Tetryl. 

GELTITE  was  a  coal-mine  explosive  made  by  Dr.  R. 
Nahnsen  &  Co.,  Hamburg,  and  formerly  permitted  for  use 
in  British  coal  mines,  having  passed  the  Woolwich  Test. 

Nitroglycerine         .         .  57 

Nitrocotton 


Potassium  nitrate    . 
Wood  meal     . 
Ammonium  oxalate 

It  was  also  called  Zeltit. 


19 

9 

12 


DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES  21 

"GENTRALITE  is  not  an  explosive,  but  is  a  name  given 
to  a  substance  which  has  been  used  to  modify  the  surface 
of  smokeless  powder,  and  make  it  burn  progressively.  The 
substance  is  dimethyl-diphenyl-urea.  (See  Brit.  Pat.  29,882 
of  1909.)  It  acts  also  as  a  stabiliser. 

GHEDDITE  is  a  chlorate  explosive  which  has  been  ren- 
dered less  sensitive  by  having  the  particles  of  chlorate  coated 
with  castor  oil  or  paraffin  wax.  It  is  manufactured  by  the 
French  Government  at  the  Vonges  Powder  Works,  and  has 
also  been  made  in  other  countries.  The  two  types  that  have 
been  most  used  in  France  are — 

02  or  No.  4.     05  or  No.  1. 
Potassium  chlorate   .  79  — 


Sodium  chlorate 
Castor  oil 

Mononitro-naphthalene 
Dinitro-toluene 


—  79 

5  5 
1 

15  16 


*CHEESA  STICKS  are  sticks  of  cordite  coated  with 
powdered  ammonium  oxalate  and  shellac.  They  are  used 
in  South  Africa  as  fuses  for  blasting  charges.  They  are 
authorised  in  England  only  for  manufacture  and  immediate 
export. 

*CHILWORTH  SMOKELESS  POWDER.   See  G.S.P. 

*CHILWORTH  SPECIAL  POWDER.  See  AMIDE 
POWDER. 

CHLORATIT  is  an  Austrian  explosive,  which  was  per- 
mitted for  use  in  coal  mines  during  the  War. 

CHLORATZIT.— A  German  explosive  containing  potas- 
sium chlorate  or  perchlorate,  aromatic  nitro-bodies,  resins 
and  carbohydates.  For  use  in  coal  mines  neutral  salts  are 
added  as  cooling  agents,  and  the  name  then  has  WETTER 
or  KOHLEN  prefixed  to  it. 


22 


DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES 


CHROMAMONIT  was  a  coal-mine  explosive  formerly 
made  in  Germany — 


Ammonium  nitrate 
Potassium  nitrate   . 
Collodion  cotton 
Chromium  ammonium  alum 
Vaseline 


63-25 

17'5 

9'25 

0-5 

0'5 


*CLERMONITE. — A  Belgian  shot-gun  powder  made  by 
the  Cooppal  Co.  It  is  a  40-grain  fibrous  powder  of  the 
bulk  type  and  coloured  green. 

CLIFFITE  was  a  coal-mine  explosive  made  by  Curtis's 
and  Harvey,  and  formerly  on  the  Permitted  List — 


Nitroglycerine 
Collodion  cotton 
Starch  , 


47 

3 

50 


SUPER-CLIFFITE  differs  considerably  from  this. 
There  are  two  formulae  which  have  passed  the  Rotherham 
Test,  but  only  No.  2  is  still  on  the  Permitted  List — 


No.  1.  No.  2. 

Date  of  Permit  .  21-9-16  21-9-16 

Nitroglycerine      .  9*5  9'5 

Collodion  cotton  .  0'5  0'5 

Ammonium  nitrate  59  59*5 

Wood  meal  .  6  6 

Sodium  chloride  .  15  19  '5 

Ammonium  oxalate  10  5 

Limit  charge  20  80  oz. 

Power  (swing  of  ballistic 

pendulum)        .         .  2  '58  2f53" 

CLYDITE  was  a  coal-mine  explosive  formerly  made  by 
Nobels  at  Ardeer.  It  was  similar  to  Nobel  Carbonite,  but 
the  potassium  nitrate  was  replaced  by  the  barium  salt,  and 
it  might  contain  up  to  8  per  cent,  of  ammonium  oxalate. 


DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES  23 

COALITE. — There  is  a  series  of  coal-mine  explosives 
of  this  name  on  the  American  Permissible  List.  Varieties  X, 
3X,  and  3XC  are  ammonium  nitrate  explosives;  whereas  1, 
2D,  2DL  and  2MLF  are  nitroglycerine  explosives. 

GOAL  SPECIAL  are  American  coal-mine  explosives 
on  the  Permissible  List.  They  are  all  nitroglycerine 
explosives. 

COCOA  POWDER  or  Brown  Powder  was  a  variety 
of  gunpowder  made  with  a  brown  charcoal  prepared  from 
straw — 

Potassium  nitrate    .         .         .         .         .79 

Sulphur 8 

Straw  charcoal         .          .          .          .          .18 

It  was  compressed  to  a  density  of  1*8  into  prisms  or  grains  of 
considerable  size,  and  was  used  in  guns  of  large  calibre. 
E.X.E.  and  S.B.C.  were  special  varieties  of  this. 

COLINIT  ANTIGRISOUTEUSE.— A  Belgian  coal- 
mine explosive  of  the  Carbonite  type.  The  ordinary  for- 
mula is  practically  the  same  as  that  of  Kohlencarbonite  and 
Minerite.  Type  B  consists  of — 


Blasting  gelatine 
Potassium  perchlorate 
Ammonium  nitrate 
Trinitro-toluene 
Rye  flour  and  cellulose 
Magnesium  sulphate 


26 
6 

20 
12 

29 

7 


COLLIER  POWDER. — There  are  a  number  of  coal- 
mine explosives  of  this  name  on  the  American  Permissible 
List.  Varieties  BNF,  KN,  X,  XLF,  5,  5LF,  5  Special,  9, 
11,  and  11LF  are  ammonium  nitrate  explosives  whereas 
2  and  6LF  are  nitroglycerine  explosives. 

COLLODION  COTTON  is  a  variety  of  nitrocotton  of 
low  nitration,  almost  completely  soluble  in  a  mixture  of  ether 


24  DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES 

and  alcohol.  It  contains  not  more  than  12-3  per  cent,  of 
nitrogen.  It  also  dissolves  in  nitroglycerine  and  liquid 
nitro-compounds,  rendering  them  gelatinous  and  so  pre- 
venting their  exudation. 

*COOPPAL'S  POWDER.— A  Belgian  smokeless  shot- 
gun powder.  Formerly  it  was  much  the  same  as  Schultze 
Powder,  consisting  of  nitrolignin  carefully  purified,  and 
mixed  with  nitrates  with  or  without  the  addition  of  starch. 
The  following  analyses  were  published  in  "Arms  and 
Explosives  "  for  July  1917— 

No.  1.          No.  2. 
1892.  1900. 

Fibrous     Gelatinised 


Nitrocellulose,  insoluble 

„  soluble 

Metallic  nitrates 
Shellac  . 

Nitro-hydrocarbons 
Moisture 


42-grain  30-grain 

bulk.  dense. 

13-0  71-1 

60-5  20'1 

21-3  2-0 

3-2 

5*5 

2'0  1-8 


CORDITE  is  the  principal  smokeless  powder  of  the 
British  Services.  It  was  originally  adopted  in  1888,  and  is 
made  by  mixing  nitroglycerine  with  guncotton  and  mineral 
jelly  (a  sort  of  crude  vaseline),  and  incorporating  them  to- 
gether with  the  aid  of  acetone,  which  gelatinises  the  gun- 
cotton.  In  consequence  of  the  severe  erosion  of  the  guns 
experienced  during  the  South  African  War  the  proportions 
were  altered,  some  of  the  nitroglycerine  being  replaced  by 
guncotton.  The  propellant  thus  "  modified "  is  called 
Cordite  M.D.,  whereas  that  of  the  original  composition  is 
Cordite  Mk.I.  Both  are  still  in  use,  especially  M.D. — 

Mk.  I.  M.D. 

Guncotton 37  65 

Nitroglycerine         .         .         .         .     58  30 

Mineral  jelly .          ....       5  5 

During   the   great    European  War   a  further  variety  was 
introduced  to  extend  the  basis  of  supply  of  solvents.    This 


DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES 


25 


is  called  Cordite  R.D.B.  (Research  Department  B),  and 
contains  a  nitrocotton  of  comparatively  low  nitration  that 
can  be  gelatinised  by  means  of  a  mixture  of  ether  and 
alcohol — 

Nitrocotton    .         .         .         .         .         .52 

Nitroglycerine          .          .          .          .         .42 

Mineral  jelly  .         .         .  .         .6 

It  is  designed  to  give  about  the  same  ballistics  as  Cordite 
M.D.  A  further  letter  is  sometimes  added  to  show  the  form 
of  the  powder.  Thus  Cordite  M.D.T.  is  M.D.  pressed  into 
tubes;  S.  stands  for  strip.  The  size  is  indicated  by  a 
numeral,  which  shows  the  diameter  in  hundredths  of  an  inch 
of  the  die  through  which  it  has  been  pressed.  In  the  case 
of  tubular  powder  both  the  external  and  internal  diameters 
are  given  approximately :  e.  g.  Cordite  M.D.T.  5-2. 

Poudre  blanche  GORNIL. — A  Belgian  coal-mine  ex- 
plosive containing  ammonium  nitrate,  potassium  or  sodium 
nitrate,  dinitro-naphthalene  and  lead  chromate,  with  or 
without  the  addition  of  ammonium  chloride. 

CORNISH  POWDER.— A  coal-mine  explosive  which 
passed  the  Woolwich  Test  and  was  formerly  on  the  Permitted 
List,  made  by  the  National  Explosives  Co.,  Ltd. — 


Nitroglycerine 
Nitrocotton  . 
Potassium  nitrate    . 
Wood  meal     . 
Magnesium  sulphate 


55 
8 

18 

7 

17 


CORONITE  was  a  coal-mine  explosive  of  the  Carbonite 
type,  which  was  on  the  Permitted  List  at  one  time.  It  had 
also  been  called  Permittite. 

Picric  acid  has  been  called  by  this  name  in  Sweden. 

See  also  KORONIT. 

GOSILIT. — A  German  coal-mine  explosive  of  the  Car- 
bonite type  made  by  Nahnsen.  A  published  analysis  gives 
its  composition  as — 


26                 DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES 

Nitroglycerine          .  .          .          .          .30 

Sodium  nitrate        .  .          .          .          .22*3 

Vegetable  meal        .  .          .          .          .40-5 

Sodium  chloride      .  .         .         .         .7*2 

COTTON  POWDER.  See  TONITE,  also  CP. 


X  and  CP2  are  varieties  of  nitrocotton  (Coton  Poudre) 
made  in  France,  principally  for  the  manufacture  of  Poudre  B 
and  other  smokeless  powders.  CPj  is  a  guncotton  containing 
about  18  per  cent,  of  nitrogen,  and  only  about  10  per  cent,  of 
matter  soluble  in  ether-alcohol.  CP2  is  almost  completely 
soluble  in  ether-alcohol,  and  contains  about  12  per  cent,  of 
nitrogen. 

GRfiSYLITE.  —  A  French  high  explosive  used  for  filling 
shell  and  other  military  purposes.  Cre*sylite  60/40  consists 
of  picric  acid  and  nitrated  cresol  in  about  the  proportions 
of  40  of  the  former  to  60  of  the  latter.  It  melts  below  the 
temperature  of  boiling  water.  The  nitrated  cresol  consists 
largely  of  trinitro-metacresol. 

Cre*sylite  No.  2  is  simply  crude  trinitro-meta-cresol. 

CRONITE  is  an  American  coal-mine  explosive.  There 
are  two  varieties  on  the  Permissible  List,  Nos.  1  and  5,  both 
of  which  are  ammonium  nitrate  explosives. 

*  CRYSTAL  is  a  smokeless  shot-gun  powder  made  by 
Curtis's  and  Harvey.  It  is  a  non-solvent  powder  for  cheap 
loading,  and  the  charge  is  thirty-three  grains. 

C.S.P.2  (Chilworth  Smokeless  Powder,  No.  2)  is  a  modi- 
fication of  Cordite,  containing  a  little  sodium  bicarbonate  as 
a  stabiliser.  It  is  stated  to  have  been  adopted  by  the 
Brazilian  navy  (see  "  Engineering  "  for  August  18,  1911,  p.  237) 
and  other  powers. 

CUGNITE.  —  A  French  blasting  explosive  manufac- 
tured by  the  Socie'te'  Franchise  des  Explosifs  — 


DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES 


27 


Nitroglycerine 
Nitre-cotton    . 
Ammonium  nitrate 
Sodium  nitrate 
Wood  meal     . 
Barium  sulphate 


27 

0-7 
80 
80 
11 

1-8 


GURTISITE. — A  coal-mine  explosive  of  the  Grisounite 
class  made  by  Curtis's  and  Harvey.  It  was  formerly  on  the 
Permitted  List — 


Ammonium  nitrate 

Trinitro-toluene 

Mononitro-naphthalene 


88 
8 


SUPER-CURTISITE  was  a  modification  of  the  above 
to  enable  it  to  pass  the  Rotherham  Test — 


Date  of  Permit      . 
Ammonium  nitrate 
Potassium  nitrate   . 
Trinitro-toluene 
Ammonium  chloride 

Limit  charge  .... 
Power  (swing  of  ballistic  pendulum) 

The  permit  has  been  repealed. 


7-4-14 

38-5 
29*5 
10 
22 

16  oz. 
2-71" 


DAHMENITE  is  an  ammonium  nitrate  explosive  which 
has  been  used  to  a  considerable  extent  in  Germany.  One 
variety  known  as  Dahmenite  A,  made  by  De  Gezamenlijke 
Buskruidmakers  van  Noord-Holland,  was  formerly  on  the 
British  Permitted  List  for  use  in  dangerous  coal  mines — 


Ammonium  nitrate 
Naphthalene  . 
Potassium  bichromate 


92-5 
5-5 


Ordinary  Dahmenite  contains  up  to  15  per  cent,  of 
potassium  nitrate  instead  of  bichromate,  and  has  been  used 
for  blasting  clay.  Some  varieties  contain  curcuma  meal 
and  other  constituents.  The  following  are  some  examples — 


28 


DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES 


Gesteins- 
Dahmenit. 

Ammonium  nitrate  .    84*5 
Potassium  bichro- 

mate 2*5 

Curcuma  meal  .    12 

Dinitro-benzene        .      1 
Trinitro-toluene        .       — 
Sodium  chloride  — 


Ammonium  nitrate 
Potassium  nitrate 
Vegetable  meal 
Coke 

Trinitro-toluene 
Alkali  chloride 


No.  76. 
71*5 

0'5 
6*25 

12 
9'75 


Gelatine 
Dahmonifc. 

Ammonium  nitrate      82 
Sodium  nitrate        .      5*5 
Potassium  nitrate 
Dinitro-glycerine 
Nitrocotton    . 
Naphthalene  . 
Trinitro-toluene 
Alkali  chloride 


2 

27'4 
0-6 
0-5 


27-5 


Neu-Dahmenit. 
B 


68 

2 

2'5 

2 
10 


65 

2 

0'5 

7 

8 
17'5 


DENABY  POWDER.—  There  was  formerly  a  blasting 
explosive  of  this  name,  consisting  of  a  compressed  mixture  of 
Securite  and  charcoal  — 


Potassium  and  barium  nitrates 
Dinitro-benzene 
Nitrocotton  and  charcoal 
Moisture 


73-2 

21-5 

5-1 

0-2 


In  1914  a  coal-mine  explosive  was  introduced  under  the 
same  name  and  passed  the  Rotherham  Test — 

Date  of  Permit       .....   13-5-14 
Ammonium  nitrate  .         .         .         .84 

Potassium  nitrate   .....     83*5 
Trinitro-toluene       .          .         .          .          .13 
Ammonium  chloride         .         .         .         .19*5 

Limit  charge  .         .         .         .         .         .     18  oz. 

Power  (swing  of  ballistic  pendulum)  .         .       2t74'/ 

It  is  made  by  British  Westfalite,  Ltd. 

DENSITE. — A  Belgian  blasting  explosive  containing 
one  or  more  of  the  following  nitrates  :  ammonium,  strontium, 
sodium,  potassium;  also  trinitro-toluene,  and  sometimes 
dinitro-toluene  and  ammonium  chloride.  This  explosive  is 


DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES  29 

Varieties  have  been  made 


practically  the  same  as  Nitralite. 
for  use  in  coal  mines. 

See  also  Nitro-densite. 


DETONIT  V. — A  German  coal-mine  explosive  contain- 
ing ammonium  nitrate,  charcoal,  vegetable  meal,  neutral 
salts,  and  not  more  than  4  per  cent,  of  blasting  gelatine. 

DETONITE  SPECIAL  is  an  American  coal-mine 
explosive  on  the  Permissible  List.  It  contains  ammonium 
nitrate. 

DOMINITE. — A  coal-mine  explosive  made  by  the 
Westphalia  Anhalt  Explosives  Co.  in  Germany,  and  formerly 
on  the  British  Permitted  List — 


Nitroglycerine 
Nitrocotton    . 
Paraffin  oil 
Ammonium  pxalate 
Potassium  nitrate    . 
Potassium  chloride 
Wood  meal 


59-3 

4 

O'T 

8-5 
18'5 

4 

5 


DOMINIT  XI. — A  German  blasting  explosive  contain- 
ing ammonium  nitrate,  dinitro-toluene,  glycerine,  and  not  more 
than  4  per  cent,  of  blasting  gelatine. 

DOMINIT  XVIII,  which  has  been  introduced  recently, 
contains  up  to  10  per  cent,  of  potassium  perchlorate,  and  is 
practically  the  same  as  Astralit  V. 

DONARIT  is  a  German  blasting  explosive  of  the  Gri- 
soutine  type  made  by  the  Carbonite  Co.  of  Hamburg.  As  a 
standard  for  the  sensitiveness  of  ammonium  nitrate  explosives, 
the  Imperial  German  Railway  Commission  use  Donarit  of 
the  composition — 


Ammonium  nitrate 
Trinitro-toluene 
Rye  flour 
Nitroglycerine 


80 
12 

4 
4 


30  DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES 

and  this  may  be  taken  as  the  usual  composition  of  the  ex- 
plosive, but  the  nitroglycerine  is  sometimes  gelatinised  with 
collodion  cotton. 

DONARIT  A  contains  up  to  16  per  cent,  of  aluminium 
powder  and  no  nitroglycerine. 

DONARIT  V,  which  has  been  introduced  recently,  con- 
tains up  to  10  per  cent,  of  potassium  perchlorate,  and  is 
practically  the  same  as  Astralit  V. 

Wetter-Donarit  contains  also  sodium  chloride  or  other 
cooling  agent. 

Gelatine-Donarit  contains  up  to  20  per  cent,  of  dinitro- 
chlorhydrin  gelatinised  with  collodion  cotton,  in  addition 
to  the  constituents  of  Donarit,  and  may  also  contain  sodium 
nitrate. 

DORFIT  is  a  German  coal-mine  explosive  made  by  the 
firm  of  Allendorf— 

I.          II.     Gesteins. 

Ammonium  nitrate  65        61        66 


555 

6         15         15 

444 

20         15         10 


Potassium  nitrate    . 
Trinitro-toluene 
Flour     . 
Sodium  chloride 

ALDORFIT  is  a  simpler  mixture  intended  for  use  where 
there  is  no  danger  of  fire-damp — 

Ammonium  nitrate  .  .  .  .81 
Trinitro-toluene  .  .  .  .  .17 
Flour 2 

It  is  authorised  in  Great  Britain. 

PERDORFIT  contains  not  more  than  52  per  cent,  of 
potassium  perchlorate,  sodium  and  ammonium  nitrates,  not 
more  than  29  per  cent,  of  trinitro-toluene  and  vegetable 
meal  or  gums. 

DRAGONITE. — A  coal-mine  explosive  made  by  Curtis's 
and  Harvey,  formerly  on  the  Permitted  List — 


DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES 


31 


Nitroglycerine 

Nitrocotton    . 

Potassium  nitrate    . 

Vaseline 

Wood  meal  and  charcoal 


35'5 
2'5 

44'5 
5'5 

12 


DREADNOUGHT  POWDER.— A  coal-m  ne  explosive 
made  by  Roburite  and  Ammonal,  Ltd.,  for  a  time  on  the 
Permitted  List — 

Date  of  Permit      .  1-9-13 


Ammonium  nitrate 
Trinitro- toluene 
Ammonium  chloride 
Sodium  chloride 
Red  oil 

Limit  charge  .... 
Power  (swing  of  ballistic  pendulum) 


75-4 

4 

5 
15-5 

O'l 

32  oz. 
2-05" 


There  is  also  Quarry  Dreadnought  Powder,  which  is  not  a 
permitted  explosive. 

DUNNITE.— A  high  explosive  used  by  the  United 
States  for  filling  shell.  It  is  stated  to  give  dangerous  com- 
pounds with  iron,  so  apparently  is  a  compound  of  picric  acid. 

DU  PONT  PERMISSIBLE.— An  American  coal-mine 
explosive.  The  following  is  on  the  British  Permitted  List — 


Dale  of  Permit 
Nitroglycerine 
Ammonium  nitrate 
Wood  pulp     .... 
Sodium  chloride      .         .         . 

Limit  charge  .... 
Power  (swing  of  ballistic  pendulum) 


No.  1. 
2G-4-16 

9'5 

67'5 
8 
15 

18  oz. 
2-82" 


*DU  PONT  SMOKELESS  POWDER.— An  American 
shot-gun  powder  of  the  fibrous  36-grain  bulk  type — 


Soluble  nitro-cellulose 
Metallic  nitrates 
Moisture 


95-8 
2'2 
2-0 


32 


DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES 


DUXITE. — A  coal-mine  explosive  made  by  the  West- 
phalia Anhalt  Explosives  Co.  It  passed  the  Rotherham 
Test,  and  was  for  a  time  on  the  British  Permitted  List — 


Nitroglycerine 
Nitrocotton  .          « 
Sodium  nitrate 
Wood  meal     . 
Ammonium  oxalate 


Limit  charge  . 

Power  (swing  of  ballistic  pendulum) 


82 
1 

28 
10 
29 

12  oz. 


Sicherheits  Gallerte-DYNAMIT.- 
explosive — 


Nitroglycerine 
Collodion  cotton 
Ammonium  nitrate 
Sodium  nitrate 
Vegetable  meal 
Potassium  chloride 
Gelatine 
Dextrin 
Glycerine 
Moisture 

Limit  charge  . 


-A  German  coal-mine 


.     32-25 
1-25 

.     22'6 

.      10-8 

.      18 
5'5 
1-05 
1-05 
4'3 
8'2 

.      50  g. 


Wettersicheres   Gelatine-DYNAMIT.— A   German   coal- 
mine explosive — 


i. 


la. 


Nitroglycerine 
Collodion  cotton 
Ammonium  nitrate 
Potassium  nitrate   . 
Ammonium  oxalate 
Rye  flour 

Liquid  hydrocarbons 
Fatty  acid  salt 
Wood  meal 


40 

38 

1 

1 

27 

25-5 

4 

5 

— 

2'5 

10 

4 

8-5 

14 

12-5 

10 

2 

— 

Limit  charge 


50       100  g. 


DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES  33 

DYNAMITE  is  a  name  that  has  been  given  to  various 
nitroglycerine  explosives.  Dynamite  No.  1  consists  of — 

Nitroglycerine         .         .         .          .         .75 
Kieselguhr 25 

the  explosive  being  held  in  the  pores  of  the  kieselguhr.  In 
other  dynamites  the  nitroglycerine  is  absorbed  in  a  material 
like  wood  meal,  and  a  nitrate  is  added  to  oxidise  the  latter 
on  explosion. 

In  Gelatine  Dynamite  the  nitroglycerine  is  gelatinised 
with  collodion  cotton.  See  under  Gelatine. 

American  Dynamites  are  not  generally  gelatinised  with 
collodion  cotton.  They  are  made  in  a  number  of  grades, 
depending  on  the  percentage  of  nitroglycerine. 

For  further  details  about  various  dynamites,  see  text- 
books on  explosives. 

DYNAMITE  ANTIGRISOUTEUSE.—  Belgian  coal- 
mine explosive  made  at  Baelen  Wezel — 

IV.  V. 

Nitroglycerine          .  .  24  Nitroglycerine  .  .     44 

Collodion  cotton      .  .  1  Sodium  sulphate  .  .     44 

Ammonium  nitrate  .  75  Wood  meal   .  .  .12 

Of  the  above,  IV.  was  found  only  to  be  safe  in  very  small 
charges  in  the  presence  of  fire-damp.  No.  V.  has  a  "  charge 
limite  "  of  700  grammes. 

DYNAMMON. — The  coal-mine  explosive  provided  by 
the  Austrian  State  monopoly — 

Wetter- 
Dynammon,     Dynammon. 

Ammonium  nitrate     .  87-88  94 
Potassium  nitrate       .  2 

Red  charcoal      .          .  12-13  4 

Density     ...  0'9  0'85 

DYNOBEL. — A  coal-mine  explosive  made  by  Nobels. 
The  first  formula  to  pass  the  Rotherham  Test  contained 
potassium  perchlorate — 

3 


34  DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES 

Date  of  Permit       .....    1-9-13 
Nitroglycerine          .         .          .          .          .83 
Collodion  cotton      .          .         .         .  0'7 

Potassium  perchlorate      .          .          .          .27 

Wood  meal 10'3 

Ammonium  oxalate          .          .          .          .29 

Limit  charge  .          .         .          .          .          .     22  oz. 

Power  (swing  of  ballistic  pendulum)   .          .       2'61/" 

Subsequently    other  formulae  of   somewhat  different   com- 
position passed  the  test — 

No.  2.         No.  3.        No.  4. 
Date  of  Permit         .  .       16-8-15       14-4-16     14-4-16 

Nitroglycerine  .          .  19*5  15  15 

Collodion  cotton        .         .  0*5  0'5  0'5 

Trinitro-toluenel 

Dinitro-toluene  j-  together  2  1*5  3 

Dinitro-benzene  I 

Ammonium  nitrate  42  52  46 

Wood  meal       ...  5'5  5'5  5'5 

Sodium  chloride        .          .  30  25  29 '5 

Magnesium  carbonate        .  0'5  0'5  0'5 

Limit  charge    ...         24  18  30  oz. 

Power    (swing    of   ballistic 

pendulum)    .         .          .  2'46         2'50         2'35" 

Of  these  only  Nos.  3  and  4  are  still  permitted. 

*E.C.  POWDER  was  one  of  the  first  smokeless  shot- 
gun powders,  and  is  still  one  of  the  most  successful.  The 
composition  has  been  varied  somewhat  from  time  to  time, 
but  it  has  always  been  a  fibrous  bulk  powder.  The  following 
analyses  were  given  in  "  Arms  and  Explosives,"  1917,  p.  76 — 

No.  1.        No.  2.        No.  3. 

Date  of  Introduction   .  1882          1890  1897 


Class 

Nitrocotton,  insoluble 

„  soluble 

Metallic  nitrates 
Resin 
Vaseline  . 


42-grain  42-gram  33-grain 

30'0  15'9  44-0 

28'2  41-0  30'4 

37-8  38'3  14'0 

2-1  2'0 

—             —  6'0 


Camphor  .          .          .       —  TO  4'0 

Moisture  1'9  1'8  1'6 


DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES  35 

The  powder  is  manufactured  at  Green  Street  Green, 
near  Dartford  in  Kent.  The  name  is  derived  from  "  Explo- 
sives Company." 

ECHO  or  EKKO  is  a  blasting  explosive  made  at  Nitedal 
in  Norway,  consisting  of  ammonium  nitrate,  nitrocotton, 
trinitro-toluene,  aluminium  powder,  and  sometimes  ferro- 
silicon.  It  has  been  used  on  the  Continent  for  filling  hand- 
grenades. 

*EGONOMIG  SMOKELESS  SPORTING  POWDER 

is  a  42-grain  bulk  powder  for  shot-guns,  made  by  the  E.G. 
Powder  Company. 

EGRASITE  or  EKRASIT  is  a  high  explosive  used  in 
Austria  for  filling  shell  and  other  military  purposes.  It  is 
the  ammonium  salt  of  trinitro-cresol. 

ELEGTRONITE. — There  have  been  several  explosives 
of  this  name,  but  none  of  them  have  been  used  extensively, 
and  all  are  dead  now.  There  was  a  coal-mine  explosive 
formerly  on  the  Permitted  List — 

Ammonium  nitrate  .         .          .          .73 

Barium  nitrate        .         .          .          .         .19 
Starch  and  slightly- charred  wood  meal       .       8 

It  was  made  by  Curtis's  and  Harvey. 

ELEY  SMOKELESS   SPORTING  POWDER  is  a 

shot-gun  powder  similar  to  E.G. 

Ammon-ELSAGIT  is  a  German  coal-mine  explosive. 
It  contains  ammonium  nitrate,  vegetable  meal,  not  more 
than  6  per  cent,  of  trinitro-toluene  or  other  nitro-body, 
not  more  than  4  per  cent,  of  blasting  gelatine,  and  may 
also  contain  fatty  oils,  alkali  chlorides  or  oxalate,  and  sodium 
or  potassium  nitrate. 

Gesteins-ELSAGIT  has  much  the  same  composition, 
but  the  percentage  of  trinitro-toluene  may  be  raised  to 
12,  and  it  contains  no  sodium  or  potassium  nitrate. 

*EMPIRE  POWDER  is  a  smokeless  shot-gun  powder 


36 


DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES 


introduced  in  1902  by  Nobel's  Explosives  Company.  It  is  a 
fibrous  33-grain  bulk  powder,  and,  according  to  an  analysis 
published  in  "  Arms  and  Explosives,"  1917,  p.  77,  its  compo- 
sition is — 


Nitrocotton,  insoluble 

„  soluble 

Metallic  nitrates 
Vaseline 
Moisture 


48-0 

34-0 

9-0 

7-0 

2'0 


ERGITE. — A  blasting  explosive  which  was  made  for  a 
few  years  in  a  factory  in  North  Wales.  Other  explosives  were 
also  made  under  the  names  of  Granergite,  Shattergite,  etc. 

ERIN  GELIGNITE.— A  Gelignite  containing  a  small 
percentage  of  dinitro-toluene  to  prevent  the  nitroglycerine 
freezing. 

ESSEX  POWDER.— A  coal-mine  explosive  made  by 
the  Explosives  and  Chemical  Products,  Ltd.  It  is  on  the 
Permitted  List — 

Date  of  Permit        .  .           .           .           .   1-9-13 

Nitroglycerine          .  23 

Nitrocotton              .  1 

Potassium  nitrate    .  34 

Wheat  flour    .          .  36 

Ammonium  chloride  6 

Limit  charge  ....  38  oz. 

Power  (swing  of  ballistic  pendulum)  2'17/' 

EUREKA  No.  2  is  an  American  coal-mine  explosive  on 
the  Permissible  List.  It  contains  nitroglycerine  and  a 
hydrated  salt. 

EXGELLITE. — A  coal-mine  explosive  formerly  on  the 
Permitted  List — 


Nitroglycerine 
Ammonium  nitrate 
Collodion  cotton 
Dinitro-toluene 
Wood  meal     . 
Castor  oil 


8 

82'5 
1 
3 

4'5 
1 


DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES  37 

SUPER-EXGELLITE  is  a  modification  of  this,  con- 
taining salts  as  cooling  agents.  Three  formulae  passed  the 
Rotherham  Test — 

No.  2.  No.  3. 

Date  of  Permit          .           .     1-9-13  7-4-14  22-6-14 

Nitroglycerine                            4  5  9*5 

Collodion  cotton        .               —  0*5 

Ammonium  nitrate  .          .75*5  50  59 

Potassium  nitrate                      7  20 

Starch                                           3'5  5  4'5 

Castor  oil          ...     —  1 

Ammonium  chloride           .     —  5 

Sodium  chloride        .               —  15 

Ammonium  oxalate  .          .10  15  10*5 

Limit  charge    .          .          .10  14  36  oz. 

Power    (swing    of   ballistic 

pendulum)    .          .          .       2'74          2'72          2'73" 

It  will  be  seen  that  all  three  are  about  equal  as  regards 
power,  but  that  No.  3,  which  contains  the  largest  propor- 
tion of  cooling  agents  and  more  nitroglycerine,  can  be  used 
safely  in  much  greater  charges.  In  1916  807,000  Ibs.  of 
No.  3  were  used  in  mines  and  quarries,  principally  in  coal 
mines.  It  is  recommended  by  the  makers,  Curtis's  and 
Harvey,  for  hard  coal  and  colliery  work  generally.  The 
permits  of  the  others  have  been  repealed. 

EXPEDITE  is  a  coal-mine  explosive  on  the  Permitted 
List  made  by  Explosives  and  Chemical  Products,  Ltd. — 

Date  of  Permit      ....  25-11-13 

Ammonium  nitrate  .          .          .  .35 

Potassium  nitrate    .          .          .          .  .33 

Trinitro-toluene       .          .          .          .  .12 

Ammonium  chloride         .          .          .  .20 

Limit  charge  more  than  .         .         .         .     32  oz. 
Power  (swing  of  ballistic  pendulum)  .          <       2-62* 

See  also  XPDITE. 

EXPLOSIFS  N,  O,  etc.     See  under  respective  letters. 


38  DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES 

EXTRA  DYNAMITE  is  a  variety  of  American  dyna- 
mite containing  ammonium  nitrate. 

FAVERSHAM  POWDER  is  a  coal-mine  explosive  of 
the  Grisounite  type  made  by  the  Cotton  Powder  Co. 
The  mixture,  which  was  on  the  old  Permitted  List,  had  the 
composition — 

Ammonium  nitrate  .  .         .90 

Trinitro-toluene       .         .         .         .         .10 

To  make  it  pass  the  Rotherham  Test,  part  of  the  am- 
monium nitrate  was  replaced  by  potassium  nitrate,  and 
ammonium  chloride  was  added — 

No.  2. 
Date  of  Permit 10-2-14 

Ammonium  nitrate  .  .  .  .47*5 

Potassium  nitrate    .  .  .  .  .24 

Ammonium  chloride  .  .  .  .     18 '5 

Trinitro-toluene       .  .  .  .  .10 

Limit  charge  .         .         .         .         .         .     24  oz. 

Power  (swing  of  ballistic  pendulum) .         .       2 '61" 

but  this  also  has  now  been  repealed. 

FAVIER  explosives  consist  essentially  of  ammonium 
nitrate  mixed  with  nitro-compounds.  Favier  took  out 
patents  in  1884  and  1885  for  mixtures  of  ammonium  nitrate 
with  mononitro-naphthalene,  paraffin  and  resin.  Their 
manufacture  was  undertaken  soon  afterwards  by  the  French 
Government,  and  is  still  continued  under  the  names  of 
Explosifs  N,  or  Explosifs  Favier  or  Grisounites.  Their  com- 
position has  been  varied  from  time  to  time,  but  the  following 
are  those  now  authorised — 

For  mines 

Grisou-              Grisou-  Grisou-  free  from 

naphtalite-     naphtalite-  tetrylite-  fire-damp, 

couche.           roche.  couche.           etc. 
N1&.     N4.       N^.                                           Nl0. 

Ammonium  nitrate  .     95     90       91 '5     86'5  88            87'4 

Potassium  nitrate     .     —      5      —         5  5 
Dinitro-naphthane                             8*5       8'5                          12'6 
Trinitro-naphthalene        55      —       — 

Tetryl      .         .         .____-  7 


DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES  39 

The  Grisounites-couche  are  used  in  the  coal  seams  as 
they  have  theoretical  temperatures  of  explosion  of  1500°  or 
less,  but  Nja  has  been  replaced  to  a  considerable  extent  by 
N4,  because  the  presence  of  a  proportion  of  potassium  nitrate 
is  found  to  increase  the  safety;  these  are  both  coloured 
green.  The  Grisountes-roche  have  theoretical  temperatures 
of  explosion  of  1900°  or  less,  and  are  used  in  the  rocks  in 
coal  mines.  Nxb  is  dyed  rose  colour,  and  NjC  pale  yellow. 

Many  explosives  of  this  type  are  in  use  in  different 
countries.  On  the  old  British  Permitted  List  were  Ammonite, 
Westfalite,  Bellite  and  Roburite  amongst  others.  Those 
now  on  the  List  contain  ammonium  or  sodium  chloride  to 
enable  them  to  pass  the  Rotherham  Test,  e.  g.  the  later 
Ammonites,  Bellite  Nos.  2  and  4,  Faversham  Powder  and 
Negro  Powder. 

On  the  Belgian  list  of  Explosifs  S.G.P.  is  Favier  II  bis— 

Ammonium  nitrate  .  .  .  .77-6 
Dinitro-naphthalene  ....  2-4 
Ammonium  chloride  .  .  .  .20 

Charge  limite       .         .        More  than  293  grammes. 
FAVORIT.     See  KORONIT. 

*FELIXITE  is  a  smokeless  shot-gun  powder  introduced 
in  1906  by  the  New  Explosives  Company.  It  is  a  fibrous 
42 -grain  bulk  powder,  and,  according  to  an  analysis  published 
in  "  Arms  and  Explosives,"  1917,  p.  76,  has  the  composition — 

Nitrocellulose,  insoluble   .          .          .          .40*5 
soluble       ....     20-5 

Metallic  nitrates 30 '0 

Nitro-compound      .         .          .          .          .5*0 
Vaseline          .          .          .          .          .  2'7 

Moisture         .         .          .          .          .          .1*3 

*FILITE  was  a  smokeless  powder  formerly  used  in  the 
Italian  services.  It  was  a  Ballistite  consisting  generally  of 
equal  parts  of  nitroglycerine  and  collodion  cotton,  to  which 
0-5  to  1  per  cent,  of  aniline  or  diphenylamine  was  added  as  a 


40 


DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES 


stabiliser.     It  was  gelatinised  with  a  solvent  and  drawn  out 
into  cords. 

FLAMMIVORE. — A  Belgian  coal-mine  explosive  made 
at  Arendonck — 


o. 

Ammonium  nitrate 
Barium  nitrate  . 
Cellulose   . 
Dinitro-toluene  . 

Charge  limite     . 


I. 

70  Blasting  gelatine 

15  Ammonium  nitrate 

5  Potassium  nitrate 

10  Rye  flour  . 


lOOg.          Charge  limite 


4 

82 

10 

4 

500g. 


III. 


Nitroglycerine 
Ammonium  nitrate  . 
Ammonium  sulphate 
Barium  sulphate 
Dextrin  . 

Charge  limite   . 


6 

70 
9 

7 
8 

650  g, 


In  the  United  Kingdom  this  is  "  authorised "  but  not 
"  permitted  "  for  use  in  dangerous  mines. 

FLOBERT  ammunition  consists  of  small  cartridges,  like 
detonators,  charged  with  a  small  quantity  of  mercury  ful- 
minate, and  some  antimony  sulphide  and  potassium  chlorate. 
It  is  used  for  target  practice  and  shooting  small  birds. 

FOERDER       SIGHERHEITSSPRENGSTOFF.  —  A 

German  coal-mine  explosive  containing  ammonium  nitrate, 
not  more  than  4  per  cent,  of  blasting  gelatine,  mono-  and 
di-nitro-aromatic  compounds,  vegetable  meal  and  neutral 
salts. 

FOERDIT. — A  German  coal-mine  explosive  containing 
nitroglycerine  gelatinised  or  ungelatinised,  carbohydrates, 
glycerine,  nitro-compounds,  inorganic  nitrates  and  sodium 
or  potassium  chloride. 


DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES 


41 


Ammon-Foerdit  is  a  similar  mixture,  except  that  it 
contains  a  larger  percentage  of  ammonium  nitrate  and  no 
other  inorganic  nitrates.  The  nitroglycerine  is  gelatinised, 
and  there  is  a  little  diphenylamine.  The  following  are 
examples  of  these  two  explosives — 

Nitroglycerine 
Collodion  cotton    . 
Ammonium  nitrate 
Nitro -toluene 
Dextrine  or  flour  . 
Glycerine 
Diphenylamine 
Potassium  chloride 

Ammon-Foerdit  F,  which  has  been  introduced  recently, 
contains  up  to  10  per  cent,  of  potassium  perchlorate  and  is 
similar  to  Astralit  V. 

FORGITE. — A  variety  of  gelatine  dynamite  or  gelignite 
made  in  Belgium.  It  contains  blasting  gelatine  36  to  64  per 
cent.,  sodium  or  ammonium  nitrate,  wood  meal,  magnesia 
and  sometimes  bran. 

An  American  explosive  of  the  same  name  is  a  dynamite 
containing  wood  tar — 


Foerdit. 

Ammon- 
Foerdit. 

25'5 

8*8 

1-5 

0-2 

87 

85 

5 

— 

4 

4 

3 

2 

— 

1 

24 

4 

Nitroglycerine 
Collodion  cotton 
Sodium  nitrate 
Sulphur 
Wood  tar 
Wood  pulp 


49 

1 
38 

1-5 
10 

0-5 


FORGITE  ANTIGRISOUTEUSE  3.— A  Belgian  coal- 
mine explosive  of  the  Carbonite  type — 


Nitroglycerine 

Potassium  nitrate 

Barium  nitrate 

Rye  flour 

Bran 

Sodium  carbonate 

Charge  limite 


26 
33 

1 
38'5 

1 

0-5 

.  750g. 


42  DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES 

FORTEX. — A  coal-mine  explosive  made  by  Explosives 
and  Chemical  Products,  Ltd.  The  mixture,  which  was  on 
the  old  Permitted  List,  was — 

Ammonium  nitrate           .         .         .         .78*5 
Tetryl 21 '5 

NEW  FORTEX.— A  modification  of  the-  above  to  pass 
the  Rotherham  Test— 

Date  of  Permit      ....  26-11-13 

Ammonium  nitrate  .         .         .         .85 

Potassium  nitrate    .          .          .          .          .83 

Tetryl 12 

Ammonium  chloride         .         .         .         .20 

Limit  charge  .         .         .         .         .         .     10  oz. 

Power  (swing  of  ballistic  pendulum) .         .       2*61" 

FORT  PITT  MINE  POWDER  NO.  1  is  an  American 
coal-mine  powder  on  the  Permissible  List.  It  is  a  nitro- 
glycerine explosive. 

FRAGTORITE. — A  Belgian  coal-mine  explosive — 

B.  D. 

Ammonium  nitrate     .     75            Ammonium  nitrate     .  75 

Dinitro-naphthalene   .       2*8         Sodium  nitrate  .          .  10 

Ammonium  oxalate    .       2 '2         Nitroglycerine    .          .  4 

Ammonium  chloride  .     20            Ammonium  oxalate     .  7 

Flour         ...  4 

Charge  limite     .         .  450  g.        Charge  limite      .         .  700  g. 

FRAGTURITE.— A  coal-mine  explosive  formerly  on 
the  Permitted  List,  made  by  the  British  Explosives  Syndicate, 
Ltd.— 

Nitroglycerine          .         .         .          .          .52-5 

Collodion  cotton      .         .         .          .          .8*5 

Potassium  nitrate    .          .          .          .          .23 

Wood  meal     ......       6 

Ammonium  oxalate          .  .15 


DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES  43 

FUEL-ITE. — There  is  a  series  of  coal-mine  explosives  of 
this  name  on  the  American  Permissible  List.  Nos.  1  and  2 
are  nitroglycerine  explosives  of  the  Carbonite  type.  No.  3 
is  an  ammonium  nitrate  explosive. 

FUELLPULVER  (or  FP.)  is  the  name  given  by  the 
Germans  to  mixtures  of  trinitro-toluene  and  ammonium 
nitrate  used  for  filling  shell.  Fp.  60/40,  for  instance,  is  a 
mixture  of  60  parts  trinitro-toluene  and  40  parts  of  am- 
monium nitrate,  and  is  consequently  the  same  as  Amatol 
40/60.  Fp.  without  figures  stands  for  trinitro-toluene. 

*FULMEN  POWDER  is  a  33-grain  smokeless  powder 
for  shot-guns  made  by  the  Schultze  Gunpowder  Co. 

FULMENIT. — A  blasting  explosive  made  by  the  German 
Nobel  Co.,  containing  ammonium  nitrate,  vegetable  meal  or 
charcoal,  paraffin  oil,  trinitro-toluene  and  guncotton. 

WETTER-FULMENIT  is  a  coal-mine  explosive  which 
has  been  much  used.  It  differs  from  the  above  in  containing 
also  sodium  or  potassium  chloride — 

Fulmenit.     Wetter-Fulmenit. 


Ammonium  nitrate 
Guncotton 
Trinitro-toluene 
Charcoal    . 
Paraffin  oil 
Sodium  chloride 


86'5  76  76'5 

4  0-5         4 

5'5  11-8         5-5 

1-3  1-5         1-5 

2-5  0-2         2-5 

—  10  10 


FUMYL. — A  smoke-producing  explosive  containing 
trinitro-toluene  and  ammonium  chloride,  used  for  opening 
poison-gas  shell,  etc. 

GATHURST  POWDER.— An  explosive  of  the  Gri- 
sounite  class.  According  to  an  analysis  given  in  Cundill 
and  Thomson's  Dictionary  it  consisted  of — 

Ammonium  nitrate  ....     83*4 

Dinitro-benzene       .          .          .          .  16 '5 

Moisture  0*1 


44 


DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES 


GEHLINGERIT. — A  German  blasting  explosive. 
teins-Gehlingerit  III.  contains — 


Ges- 


Ammonium  nitrate 

Trinitrotoluene 

Flour 


80 

15 

5 


Wetter-Gehlingerit,  which  is  a  coal-mine  explosive,  con- 
tains also  sodium  or  potassium  chloride,  and  may  contain 
up  to  4  per  cent,  of  nitroglycerine  to  increase  its  sensitiveness. 

GELATIN^  A  LfAMMONIAQUE.— A  Belgian  ex- 
plosive, a  mixture  of  blasting  gelatine  and  ammonium 
nitrate. 

GELATINE  DYNAMITE  is  a  mixture  of  blasting 
gelatine,  potassium  nitrate  and  a  little  wood  meal.  That 
made  in  Britain  must  contain  between  70  and  77  per  cent, 
of  nitroglycerine ;  it  may  contain  up  to  2  per  cent,  of  calcium 
or  magnesium  carbonate,  or  J  per  cent,  of  mineral  jelly  as  a 
stabiliser.  The  following  may  be  taken  as  an  example  of 
its  composition — 


Nitroglycerine 
Collodion  cotton 
Wood  meal     . 
Potassium  nitrate 
Calcium  carbonate 
Moisture 


74-5 
5-5 
4 

15-5 
0-2 
0'3 


In  America  brands  are  made  of  35  to  80  per  cent,  strength. 

GELIGNITE  is  similar  to  Gelatine  Dynamite  except 
that  it  contains  a  smaller  proportion  of  blasting  gelatine; 
in  Britain  the  percentage  of  nitroglycerine  must  be  between 
56  and  63,  e.  g. — 


Nitroglycerine 
Collodion  cotton 
Wood  meal     . 
Potassium  nitrate 
Calcium  carbonate 
Moisture 


61 

4-5 

7 
27 

0-2 

0'3 


DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES  45 

There  are  also  a  number  of  modified  Gelignites,  which 
either  contain  sodium  or  barium  nitrate  in  partial  or  entire 
replacement  of  the  potassium  nitrate,  or  else  contain  some 
substance  to  reduce  the  freezing  point  of  the  nitroglycerine 
and  so  diminish  the  danger  of  freezing,  such  as  dinitro-  or 
trinitro-toluene  or  dinitro-glycol. 

GESILIT. — A  German  coal-mine  explosive  made  by 
Nahnsen.  It  contains  blasting  gelatine,  inorganic  nitrates, 
sodium  chloride,  carbohydrates  and  dinitro-toluene — 

I.  n.  III. 

Blasting  gelatine        .          .     30*75  30'75  32*5 

Ammonium  nitrate  .               —  22  22 

Sodium  nitrate          .          .18 

Dinitro-toluene          .          .       5 '25  5 '25          5 '25 

Dextrin   ....     39  21 

Pea  flour  ...     —  20 

Sodium  chloride        .          .7  21  20'25 

When  tested  in  a  gallery  with  an  explosive  gas  mixture 
I.  proved  to  be  safer  than  the  other  two. 

GIANT  GOAL-MINE  POWDERS  are  American  coal- 
mine explosives  on  the  Permissible  List.  No.  5  is  an  am- 
monium nitrate  explosive,  whereas  Nos.  6,  7  and  8  are 
low-grade  dynamites  mixed  with  hydrated  salts. 

GIANT  POWDER  is  a  name  given  in  America  to 
dynamite.  No.  1  is  a  kieselguhr  dynamite  containing  about 
75  per  cent,  of  nitroglycerine.  Many  varieties,  however,  do 
not  contain  kieselguhr,  but  consist  of  nitroglycerine  mixed 
with  wood  pulp,  sodium  or  potassium  nitrate,  resin,  sulphur 
or  other  combustible  matter.  The  nitroglycerine  is  some- 
times gelatinised  with  collodion  cotton,  or  in  the  "  Extra  " 
varieties  is  partially  replaced  by  ammonium  nitrate. 

GLONOINE  was  an  early  name  for  nitroglycerine. 

GLUEGKAUF.— A  German  explosive  of  the  Grisounite 
type  consisting  of  ammonium  nitrate  and  vegetable  meal, 


46  DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES 

to  which  might  be  added  any  of  the  following  :  sugar,  resin, 
fatty  oil,  potassium  nitrate,  sodium  nitrate,  dinitro-benzene, 
ammonium  oxalate,  copper  oxalate,  copper  nitrate  ammonia, 
or  sodium  chloride.  It  was  used  for  a  time  by  several  potash 
mines ;  was  given  up  again  by  most  of  them. 

GOOD  LUCK  was  an  explosive  made  by  the  Spreng- 
stoffwerke  Glueckauf  A.-G.,  and  was  on  the  old  British 
Permitted  List  for  coal-mine  explosives.  It  had  the  com- 
position— 

Ammonium  nitrate  .         .         .         .82*5 

Dinitro-benzene       .          .          .          .          .       1 

Turmeric        ......     10'5 

Copper  oxalate        .....       6 

GRANATFUELLUNG  (i.  e.  Shell-filling)  is  a  name  given 
by  the  Germans  to  certain  high  explosives  used  for  filling 
shell.  Granatfuellung  C/88  is  picric  acid,  and  C/02  is  trinitro- 
toluene. See  Fuellpulver.  Other  substances  used  in  German 
shell  and  bombs  are  trinitro-anisole,  dinitro-benzene,  hexani- 
tro-diphenylamine  and  hexanitro-diphenyl  sulphide,  otherwise 
picryl  sulphide. 

GRISOUNITE. — A  French  coal-mine  explosive.  See 
FAVIER  Explosives. 

GRISOUTINE  or  GRISOU-DYNAMINE  is  the  only 
explosive  except  Grisounite  allowed  in  the  more  dangerous 
French  coal  mines.  It  consists  of  ammonium  nitrate  mixed 
with  blasting  gelatine.  As  the  State  monopoly  does  not 
extend  to  explosives  containing  nitroglycerine,  it  is  made 
by  private  firms,  but  the  compositions  are  regulated  by  the 
"  Commission  des  Substances  Explosives,"  which  in  1911 
resolved  that  they  should  be  uniformly  as  follows — 

Couche  au  Roche  au 

Couche.     Salpetre.  Roche.     Salpetre. 

Nitroglycerine  .  12  12  29  29 

Collodion  cotton    .  .       0'5  0'5  1  1 

Ammonium  nitrate  .  87 '5  82  '5  70  65 

Potassium  nitrate  —  5  —  5 


DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES  47 

The  calculated  temperatures  of  explosion  of  the  Grisou- 
tines  couches  are  below  1500°,  and  those  of  the  Grisoutines 
roches  below  1900°.  The  addition  of  5  per  cent,  of  potassium 
nitrate  is  found  to  increase  the  safety. 

There  are  a  number  of  explosives  of  this  type  made  in 
other  countries  also,  but  they  usually  contain  small  propor- 
tions of  combustible  substances  such  as  wood  meal,  and 
nitro-bodies  such  as  trinitro-toluene.  Of  British  explosives 
of  this  type,  mention  may  be  made  of  Monobel,  Super- 
Excellite  and  Monarkite.  German  explosives  of  this  sort 
include  Salit,  Tremonit,  Donarit,  Ammon-Karbonit  and 
Astralit. 

On  the  Belgian  list  of  Explosifs  S.G.P.  is  Grisoutine  II., 
which  is  identical  in  composition  with  Dynamite  anti- 
grisouteuse  V. 

GRISOUTITE. — A  Belgian  coal-mine  explosive — 

Nitroglycerine  .  .  .  .  .44 
Magnesium  sulphate  .  .  .  .44 
Cellulose 12 

Charge  limite  .         .  .          .  300  g. 

GUARDIAN. — American  coal-mine  explosives.  Nos.  2, 
2X,  3  and  3X  are  ammonium  nitrate  explosives,  whereas 
Guardian  A  and  Guardian  Coal  Powder  B  are  nitroglycerine 
explosives. 

GUNGOTTON.— A  highly  nitrated  cotton  containing 
about  13  per  cent,  of  nitrogen  and  only  slightly  soluble  in 
ether-alcohol. 

GUNPOWDER.    See  BLACK  POWDER. 

*HALAKITE  attracted  public  attention  out  of  all  pro- 
portion to  its  merits,  of  which  it  possessed  none,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  extravagant  claims  made  on  its  behalf  by  its 
"  inventors  "  and  their  dupes.  Early  in  1917  the  British 
Government  caused  an  inquiry  to  be  held,  and  the  case  for 
the  explosive  collapsed  in  a  ludicrous  manner.  According 


48  DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES 

to  patent  specification,  No.  685  of  1915,  the  basis  of  the 
explosive  was  an  admixture  of  lead  nitrate  with  glycerine 
and  other  substances,  and  under  the  working  conditions 
the  glycerine  was  said  to  react  with  the  nitrate  to  form  a  nitro- 
compound,  which,  of  course,  is  not  true.  The  substance 
actually  submitted  to  the  British  and  French  authorities 
consisted  of  cordite  mixed  with  lead  nitrate,  barium  nitrate 
and  lead  chromate.  This  was  stated  by  the  promoters  to 
be  equally  effective  as  a  high  explosive  and  a  propellant ! 
See ' 'Interim  and  Final  Reports  of  the  Army  Council  (Halakite) 
Inquiry,"  Cd.  8446. 

HALALIT. — A  German  blasting  explosive  made  by 
Nahnsen,  containing  not  more  than  65  per  cent,  of  potassium 
perchlorate,  ammonium  nitrate,  and  not  more  than  32  per 
cent,  of  nitrated  toluene,  of  which  not  more  than  20  per  cent, 
must  be  trinitro-toluene.  It  may  also  contain  collodion 
cotton  to  gelatinise  the  liquid  nitro-toluene,  and  sodium 
nitrate  and  wood  meal  or  other  vegetable  meal. 

Ammon-Halalit  A,  which  has  been  introduced  recently, 
is  similar  to  Astralit  V. 

HALOKLASTIT.     See  PETROKLASTIT. 

HAMMONIT. — A  German  blasting  explosive  contain- 
ing not  more  than  40  per  cent,  of  potassium  or  sodium  per- 
chlorate, not  more  than  4  per  cent,  of  nitroglycerine,  aromatic 
nitro-bodies,  ammonium  nitrate,  sodium  or  potassium  nitrate, 
neutral  salts  and  vegetable  meal  or  other  combustible  matter. 

HASSIA-CHLORAT  is  an  explosive  that  was  introduced 
in  Germany  during  the  War.  It  consists  of  65  per  cent, 
potassium  chlorate  and  35  per  cent,  combustible,  and  it  is 
claimed  that  the  large  proportion  of  the  latter  not  only 
makes  it  a  mild  explosive,  but  also  renders  it  comparatively 
insensitive.  It  is  also  called  Spreng-chlorat. 

HAYLITE. — A  coal-mine  explosive  made  by  the  National 
Explosives  Co.  There  were  three  varieties  on  the 


DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES  49 

Permitted  List :   No.  1  was  also  on  the  old  Permitted  List, 
but  has  now  been  repealed. 

No.  1.  No.  2.          No.  3. 

Date  of  Permit  .  .  1-9-13       21-11-16      30-5-18 

Nitroglycerine    .         .         .26  15'5  9'5 

Collodion  cotton          .          .1  0-3 

Ammonium  nitrate     .  60-5 

Potassium  nitrate       .         .20 
Sodium  nitrate  .         .         .  59*5 

Barium  nitrate  .          .          .20 
Trinitro-toluene  .          .  5 

Mineral  jelly       ...       7 
Wood  meal         ...     15  7'7  5'5 

Sodium  chloride          .  19-5 

Ammonium  oxalate    .          .     11  5 

Borax        ....     —  12 

Limit  charge      ...     10  18  16  oz. 

Power    (swing    of    ballistic 

pendulum)  .          .          .       2-18          1'96          2'44" 


H.E.  stands  for  High  Explosive,  used  for  charging  shell 
or  other  military  purpose. 

*HEBLER  POWDER  was  a  so-called  smokeless  powder 
which  was  manufactured  at  one  time  in  Switzerland.  Accord- 
ing to  an  analysis  published  by  Cundill  and  Thomson,  it  was 
ordinary  gunpowder  in  which  about  a  fifth  of  the  saltpetre 
had  been  replaced  by  ammonium  nitrate.  It  did  not  appear 
to  have  a  greater  tendency  to  absorb  moisture  than  ordinary 
powder.  It  was  also  called  Wellite.  See  also  Ammon- 
pulver. 

HEGLA  NO.  2  is  an  American  coal-mine  explosive  on 
the  Permissible  List.  It  is  an  ammonium  nitrate  explosive 
made  by  the  Du  Pont  Co. 

HEGLA  POWDER  is  a  brand  of  American  dynamite. 

HELAGON  is  a  German  perchlorate  explosive  made  by 
the  Koln-Rottweil  Pulverfabriken.  It  contains  not  more 
than  10  per  cent,  of  potassium  perchlorate,  not  more  than 


50 


DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES 


5  per  cent,  of  zinc-aluminium  alloy,  aromatic  nitro-bodies 
and  neutral  nitrates,  excepting  those  of  potassium  and 
barium.  It  may  also  contain  flour  or  potato  meal  and 
neutral  substances. 

HELIT  is  a  similar  explosive  to  Helagon,  except  that  it 
contains  dinitro-chlorhydrin,  not  more  than  6  per  cent.,  in 
the  place  of  the  zinc-aluminium  alloy. 


K 

'j-   are  different  names  for  what  is  prac- 


HELLHOFITE 
HELLITE 

tically  the  same  explosive  of  the  Sprengel  type.  It  consists 
of  a  mixture  of  strong  nitric  acid  and  various  nitro-com- 
pounds,  e.g. — 


Dinitro-benzene 
Nitric  acid  . 


1 
1-5 


Nitro-benzene 
Nitric  acid 


1 

2-5 


A  form  of  this  explosive  was  tried  by  Gruson  as  a  charge 
for  shell  many  years  ago.    See  also  Panclastite. 

*HENRITE  is  a  smokeless  shot-gun  powder  of  the  fibrous 
33-grain  bulk  type.  A  sample  examined  in  1902  had  the 
composition — 


Nitrocellulose,  insoluble 

„  soluble 

Metallic  nitrates 
Nitro-compounds    . 
Paraffin 
Moisture 


71'0 
7-1 
7'5 
7'6 
5'5 
1-8 


HERCULES  POWDER.— The  name  of  a  brand  of 
American  dynamite. 

HERGULITE. — This  name  has  been  given  to  several 
explosives.  One  was  a  mixture  of  sawdust,  camphor,  potas- 
sium nitrate  and  other  substances,  which  was  used  for  blasting. 
There  was  a  coal-mine  explosive  of  this  name  on  the  Permitted 
List,  made  by  the  British  Explosives  Syndicate,  Ltd. — 


DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES  51 

Date  of  Permit      ....  22-6-14 

Nitroglycerine  .  .  .  .  .33 
Collodion  cotton  .....  1 
Potassium  perchlorate  .  .  .27 

Wood  meal 10 

Ammonium  oxalate          .         .         .         .29 

Limit  charge  .         .         .         .         .         .     16  oz. 

Power  (swing  of  ballistic  pendulum)  .         .       2*72" 

but  the  permit  has  been  repealed. 

HIMALAYITE. — A  high  explosive  made  from  potas- 
sium chlorate,  potato  starch  and  a  drying  oil.  The  chlorate 
and  starch  are  first  heated  together  with  water,  and  when 
dry  the  oil  is  mixed  in.  The  explosive  is  said  to  have  been 
adopted  by  the  Portuguese  for  filling  shell.  It  passed  the 
chemical  tests  in  England,  but  no  licence  was  taken  out  for 
its  manufacture. 

HUDSON'S  EXPLOSIVE.— A  stiff  blasting  gelatine 
made  by  incorporating  nitroglycerine  and  collodion  cotton 
together  with  the  aid  of  acetone.  It  was  tried  in  America 
in  1889  for  filling  shell,  but  is  not  used  now  for  this  purpose. 

HYGRADE  COAL  POWDER  NO.  2  is  an  American 
coal-mine  explosive  on  the  Permissible  List.  It  is  a  nitro- 
glycerine explosive. 

*IDEAL  POWDER  is  a  shot-gun  powder  made  by  Nobels. 

IMPERIALITE  is  of  no  practical  importance,  but  is 
interesting,  as  its  history  is  that  of  the  explosive  one  meets 
in  the  comic  papers.  The  Marquis  R.  Imperial!  had  large 
private  means  and  some  knowledge  of  chemistry.  He  took 
out  patents  for  a  number  of  explosive  mixtures  and  built  a 
small  factory  in  N.  Italy,  which  started  work  in  1911.  An 
explosion  occurred  the  first  day  and  killed  five  of  the  fifteen 
workers.  Imperiali  escaped  and  re-erected  his  factory. 
The  day  after  it  was  restarted  it  blew  up  again  and  Imperiali 


52  DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES 

was  killed.  The  composition  of  the  explosive  that  was  being 
made  is  not  known,  but  several  of  the  mixtures  for  which 
Imperiali  had  taken  out  patents  were  decidedly  dangerous. 

*INDURITE  was  a  smokeless  powder  patented  by  C.  E. 
Munroe  in  1893.  It  was  made  by  incorporating  guncotton 
with  nitro-benzene  to  a  hard  mass.  It  was  used  for  a  time 
in  the  American  Navy.  Samples  made  in  1891  were  still 
stable  apparently  in  1914,  but  some  cases  of  instability 
occurred  and  it  was  given  up. 

INGfiLITE  is  the  same  in  composition  as  ANTIGEL 
DE 


*Poudre  J.  —  A  French  smokeless  powder  used  for 
shot-guns  and  revolvers.  Its  composition  is  — 

Nitrocotton    .          .         .         .          .          .83 

Ammonium  bichromate   .         .         .         .14 

Potassium  bichromate      ....       8 

Moisture         .....     about  3 

It  is  incorporated  with  the  aid  of  ether-alcohol  and 
pressed  into  strips,  which  are  cut  into  cubes  and  then  con- 
verted into  grains  of  irregular  shape.  The  fine  siftings  are 
used  for  revolver  and  practice  ammunition. 

JUDSON  POWDER.-—  A  mild  blasting  explosive  used 
in  America.  It  is  a  sort  of  crude  gunpowder  coated  with 
nitroglycerine  to  increase  the  violence  of  the  explosion. 
The  percentage  of  nitroglycerine  may  vary  from  5  to  20, 
but  is  generally  near  the  lower  limit.  Judson  Powder 
R.R.P.  has  the  composition  — 

Nitroglycerine    .  .       5  Nitroglycerine    .         .  5 

Sodium  nitrate  .  .     64  or     Sulphur,  coal  and  resin  85 

Sulphur     .         .  .16  Sodium  nitrate  .         .  60 

Cannel  coal        .  .15 

The  sodium  nitrate  is  mixed  with  the  combustibles  and 
the  mixture  is  heated  beyond  the  melting-point  of  the  sulphur 


DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES 


53 


and  resin.  The  slightly  porous  mass  thus  formed  is  then 
coated  with  nitroglycerine.  The  explosive  is  fired  with  a 
priming  cartridge  of  dynamite.  The  following  four  grades 
are  made  by  the  Du  Pont  Co. — 


FFF 
FF 
F    . 
RRP 


20  %  nitroglycerine 
15 
10 
5 


KANITE  A  is  an  American  coal-mine  explosive  on  the 
Permissible  List.  •  It  is  an  ammonium  nitrate  explosive. 

KARBONIT.     See  GARBONITE. 

KAUSOLIT. — An  ammonium  perchlorate  explosive,  in- 
troduced about  1915  by  the  Stockholm  Superphosphaten- 
fabriks  A.-b. 

KENT  POWDER  was  a  coal-mine  explosive  made  by  the 
Cotton  Powder  Co.  It  was  of  the  Carbonite  type  and 
was  on  the  Permitted  List.  It  is  now  no  longer  "  permitted." 

Date  of  Permit       .....    10-2-14 
Nitroglycerine         ...  .24 


Potassium  nitrate    . 

Wood  meal     .... 

Ammonium  oxalate 

Limit  charge  .... 
Power  (swing  of  ballistic  pendulum) 


over 


32-5 
83-5 
10 

82  oz. 

2-or 


KENTITE  is  a  coal-mine  explosive  made  by  British 

Westfalite,    Ltd.  It    was    on    the    old    Permitted    List 

and    also    passed  the    Rotherham    Test,    and    so    is    still 
"  permitted  "— 


Ammonium  nitrate 
Potassium  nitrate   . 
Trinitro -toluene 
Ammonium  chloride 

Limit  charge  .... 
Power  (swing  of  ballistic  pendulum) 


84 
34 
17 
15 

18  oz. 
2-64" 


54 


DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES 


KIESELBAGHER  CHLORATSPRENGSTOFF.  See 
MIEDZIANKIT. 

KINETIT. — A  German  explosive  made  by  gelatinising 
nitre-cellulose  with  nitro-benzene,  and  incorporating  it  with 
potassium  nitrate  and  chlorate.  It  is  somewhat  sensitive 
to  blows,  etc.  Early  samples  contained  also  antimony 
sulphide  which  rendered  them  decidedly  dangerous. 

KIWIT. — A  German  chlorate  explosive  introduced  during 
the  War.  It  contains  not  more  than  77  per  cent,  of  sodium  or 
potassium  chlorate,  carbon  carriers  such  as  paraffin,  naphtha- 
lene, vaseline,  meal  or  oil,  also  not  more  than  15  per  cent,  of 
liquid  trinitro-toluene,  and  may  contain  dinitro-toluene, 
dinitro-naphthalene,  sodium  chloride  and  not  more  than 
4  per  cent,  of  guncotton. 

KOHLENKARBONIT.    See  CARBONITE. 

KOLAX. — A  coal-mine  explosive  of  the  Carbonite  type 
formerly  on  the  Permitted  List,  made  by  Curtis's  and  Harvey- 


Nitroglycerine 
Potassium  nitrate 
Barium  nitrate 
Wood  meal     . 
Starch   . 


25 

26 

5 

34 
10 


SUPER-KOLAX  was  a  modification  of  this  to  meet  the 
requirements  of  the  Rotherham  Test — 


Date  of  Permit 

Nitroglycerine 
Collodion  cotton 
Potassium  nitrate 
Barium  nitrate 
Wood  meal     . 
Starch   . 
Ammonium  oxalate 


1-9-13 
25'5 

25-5 

5 
29-5 

7'5 

7 


Limit  charge  .....     80 
Power  (swing  of  ballistic  pendulum)        2*10 

The  permits  of  both  have  been  repealed. 


No.  2. 
7-4-14 

28-5 

1 
16'5 

5 
80-3 

0 


over  82  oz. 


DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES  55 

KORONIT,  also  known  as  FAVORIT,  is  a  German 
chlorate  blasting  explosive  introduced  during  the  War.  See 
also  Coronite. 

Gesteins-Koronit  (or  -Favorit)  contains  not  more  than 
85  per  cent,  of  potassium  or  sodium  chlorate,  not  more  than 
15  per  cent,  of  nitro-bodies  (but  no  trinitro-compounds), 
paraffin  or  fatty  oils,  naphthalene,  vegetable  meal,  powdered 
coal,  inert  substances,  and  not  more  than  4  per  cent,  of 
blasting  gelatine. 

Kohlen-Koronit  (or  -Favorit)  contains  not  more  than 
68  per  cent,  of  potassium  or  sodium  chlorate,  aromatic 
hydrocarbons  and  nitro-hydrocarbons  (but  not  more  than 
12  per  cent,  of  aromatic  nitro-bodies  and  no  trinitro-com- 
pounds), sodium  chloride  or  similar  salts,  paraffin  or  fatty 
oils,  vegetable  meal  or  other  organic  substance;  not  more 
than  4  per  cent,  of  blasting  gelatine  and  not  more  than  4  per 
cent,  of  powdered  coal. 

PERKORONIT  is  similar  to  Koronit  except  that  it  con- 
tains potassium  or  sodium  perchlorate  instead  of  chlorate. 
Part  of  the  perchlorate  may  be  replaced  by  nitrate. 

*K.S.,  K.S.G.— Kynoch's  Smokeless  Powder.  It  is  a 
fibrous  bulk  powder  for  shot-guns  made  by  Kynochs,  Ltd. 
The  following  analyses  were  given  in  "  Arms  and  Explosives," 
1917,  p.  78— 


Date  of  Introduction 
Class    . 

Nitrocellulose,  insoluble 

„  soluble 

Metallic  nitrates 
Nitro-compound 
Vaseline    . 
Moisture   . 


Kynoch's 

Smokeless.  K.S.  K.S.G. 

1901  1913  1912 

42-grain  42-grain  33-grain 

49-5  40-4  41-5 

5'5  27-0  36-5 

25-0  28'0  12'0 

19'0  5-0 

—  8*0  8-0 

1-0  1'6  2*0 


KYNARKITE  is  a  coal-mine  explosive  of  the  Carbonite 
type  made  by  Kynoch,  Ltd.  It  is  no  longer  on  the  Permitted 
List — 


56 


DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES 


Date  of  Permit 
Nitroglycerine 
Potassium  nitrate 
Barium  nitrate     . 
Dinitro-toluene    . 
Wood  meal 
Ammonium  oxalate 


Limit  charge 

Power  (swing  of  ballistic  pendulum) 

KYNITE  was  a  coal-mine  explosive  on  the  old  Permitted 
List,  but  has  been  superseded  by  Kynarkite — 


No.  2. 

1-9-13 

15-1-15 

25 

26 

28 

29'5 

8 

— 

— 

2'5 

39 

34 

5 

8 

20 

28  oz. 

i) 

2'21 

2-06" 

Nitroglycerine 
Barium  nitrate 
Wood  meal 
Starch     . 
Calcium  carbonate 


Kynite. 
26 
33 
40'7 

0-3 


Kynite 
Condensed. 

25 
33'5 
6'5 

0-3 


*LAFFLIN  AND  RAND  W.A.  was  a  tubular  smoke- 
less powder  tried  in  America  for  small  arms.     It  consisted 
of— 

Guncotton      .          .          .          .          .          .67*25 

Nitroglycerine          .          .          .         .         .30 

Metallic  salts  .          .          .          .          .2*75 

gelatinised  by  means  of  40  parts  of  acetone.     A  gelatinised 
dense  shot-gun  powder  of  similar  composition  was  also  made. 

L.G.  PULVER  is  a  German  Cheddite. 

Gesteins-LEONIT  is  a  German  perchlorate  explosive  for 
blasting  rock — 

Alkali  perchlorate    .  about  60  % 
Ammonium  nitrate  .     10 

Nitro -compounds     .  .15 

Meal       ...  .10 

Blasting  gelatine      .  ,       4 

It  is  practically  the  same  as  Permonit  A. 


DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES 


57 


Neu-LEONIT  is  a  modification  of  this  for  use  in  coal 


mines — 


Potassium  perchlorate 
Ammonium  nitrate 
Sodium  nitrate  . 
Trinitro-toluene 
Dinitro-toluene  . 
Wood  meal 
Vegetable  meal  . 
Blasting  gelatine 
Sodium  chloride 


I. 
85 
20 

1) 

8 
4 

4 
24 


II. 

35 

10 

3 

11 

2 

5 

4 
80 


It  is  practically  the  same  as  Wetter-Persalit. 

LIGDYN  is  a  nitroglycerine  explosive  similar  to  American 
dynamite  made  in  South  Africa.  40  per  cent.  Ligdyn  consists 
of— 

40 

45 

13 


Nitroglycerine 
Sodium  nitrate 
Wood  meal 


Wheat  flour 2 

"LIGHTNING. — A  83-grain  smokeless  shot-gun  powder 
made  by  the  Schultze  Gunpowder  Co.  See  Schultze 
Powder. 

LIGNOSIT  is  a  German  blasting  explosive  containing 
a  considerable  percentage  of  ammonium  nitrate.  Lignosit  I. 
contains  also  aromatic  nitro-compounds,  of  which  not  more 
than  15  per  cent,  must  be  trinitro-compounds  or  wood  meal, 
and  not  more  than  6  per  cent,  of  potassium  nitrate,  not  more 
than  1  per  cent,  of  collodion  cotton  and  bauxite  or  salts, 
such  as  sodium  chloride  or  carbonate. 

Lignosit  II.  may  contain  up  to  10  per  cent,  of  collodion 
cotton,  but  no  wood  meal  or  nitro-compounds.  It  is  some- 
what sensitive. 

Lignosit  III.  differs  from  I.  in  that  it  may  contain  up  to 
4  per  cent,  of  blasting  gelatine  and  contains  no  bauxite. 

The  object  of  adding  the  neutral  salts  is  evidently  to 
make  the  explosive  safer  in  coal  mines.  When  intended  for 
this  purpose  it  is  called  Wetter-Lignosit  I.  or  III. 


58 


DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES 


Lignosit  IV.  consists  of  ammonium  nitrate,  not  more 
than  13  per  cent,  of  trinitro -toluene,  not  more  than  13  per 
cent,  of  aluminium  powder,  and  wood  meal. 

LITHOFRAGTEUR  is  a  name  that  has  been  given 
to  more  than  one  explosive.  One  introduced  about  1873 
by  Krebs  and  Co.  of  Deutz,  near  Cologne,  consisted  of 
nitroglycerine  absorbed  in  kieselguhr  mixed  with  nitrates, 
charcoal  or  coal  and  sulphur.  Some  of  it  was  imported  into 
England  at  one  time 

LOEWENPULVER  or  Castroper  Sprengpulver  is  a 
German  blasting  powder  consisting  of  a  compressed  or 
granulated  mixture  of  sodium  nitrate,  manganese  dioxide, 
sulphur  and  carbonaceous  substances  such  as  briquette 
powder  or  coal.  It  may  also  contain  potassium  nitrate, 
wood  meal  or  tar. 

LOMITE  NO.  1  is  an  American  coal-mine  explosive  on 
the  Permissible  List.  It  is  a  low-grade  dynamite  containing 
hydrated  salts. 

LOWINITE  NO.  2-B  is  an  American  coal-mine  ex- 
plosive on  the  Permissible  List.  It  is  an  ammonium  nitrate 
explosive. 

LUXIT  I.  is  a  German  blasting  explosive  consisting  of 
ammonium  nitrate,  not  more  than  17  per  cent,  of  trinitro- 
toluene, and  not  more  than  5  per  cent,  of  wood  meal. 

LYDDITE. — A  high  explosive  used  in  the  British  Services 
for  filling  shell.  It  consists  simply  of  picric  acid,  which  is 
melted  under  proper  precautions  and  poured  into  the  shell. 

*Poudre  M  is  a  shot-gun  powder  made  by  the  French 
Government,  and  is  the  one  that  is  most  used  in  France.  Its 
composition  is — 

Nitrocotton  71 


Barium  nitrate 
Potassium  nitrate 
Camphor 
Binding  material 


20 
5 


DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES  59 

The  nitrocotton  has  a  solubility  of  only  15  or  20  per 
cent.,  and  is  partially  gelatinised  with  ether-alcohol  aided 
by  the  camphor.  It  is  granulated  under  edge  runners, 
granulated  and  drummed. 

MAGARIT. — A  Belgian  high  explosive  for  filling  shell — 

Trinitro-toluene       .         .         .         .         .80 
Lead  nitrate 70 

It  has  a  high  density  and  is  not  deliquescent.  For  equal 
weights  its  power  is  less"  than  that  of  trinitro-toluene  or 
picric  acid,  but  for  equal  volumes  it  is  somewhat  greater. 

MARKANIT.    See  SILESIA. 

MARSIT. — A  sort  of  Oxyliquit.  Liquid  oxygen  is 
passed  into  a  linen  bag  containing  soot. 

M.B.  POWDER  (Modernised  Black)  is  a  black  powder 
mixture  in  which  part  of  the  potassium  nitrate  has  been 
replaced  by  potassium  or  ammonium  perchlorate,  generally 
the  potassium  salt.  It  is  manufactured  at  Bonnybridge, 
Stirling,  at  the  works  originally  erected  for  making  Mitchel- 
lite.  During  manufacture  the  composition  is  heated  in  steam 
boilers.  (See  "Arms  and  Explosives,"  1911,  p.  7.) 

M.D.    See  CORDITE. 

MEGANIT  is  a  Hungarian  nitroglycerine  explosive 
similar  to  American  dynamite,  except  that  it  contains  a  small 
percentage  of  nitrated  vegetable  ivory. 

MELANITE. — A  Belgian  blasting  explosive  consisting 
of-— 

Nitroglycerine 78 

Collodion  cotton      .....       4 
Sodium  nitrate 18 

It  contains,  therefore,  a  considerable  excess  of  oxygen. 


60 


DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES 


MfiLINITE  is  a  high  explosive  used  by  the  French 
for  filling  shell  and  other  military  purposes.  It  consists 
essentially  of  picric  acid,  to  which  other  substances  are 
sometimes  added.  Paraffin  wax  has  been  added  to  diminish 
the  sensitiveness.  Melinite  D  is  simply  picric  acid,  but 
Melinite  O  contains  also  a  little  Cre*silite  2  (q.  v.). 

MELLING  POWDER  was  a  coal-mine  explosive  on  the 
Permitted  List,  made  by  the  Cotton  Powder  Co.  The  permit 
has  been  repealed. 


Date  of  Permit 
Nitroglycerine 
Ammonium  nitrate 
Sodium  nitrate 
Trinitro-toluene 
Wood  meal     . 
Ammonium  oxalate 


Limit  charge  .... 
Power  (swing  of  ballistic  pendulum) 


1-9-13 

5 

53-5 
12 

6 

4'5 
19 

12  oz. 
2-62" 


MERGURIT  is  a  blasting  explosive  that  has  been  intro- 
duced recently  in  Germany.  It  consists  of  88  per  cent,  of 
potassium  chlorate  and  12  per  cent,  of  high  boiling  neutral 
tar  oil.  In  Mercurit  II.  up  to  20  per  cent,  of  the  chlorate 
may  be  replaced  by  perchlorate. 

MERSEY  POWDER  was  a  coal-mine  explosive  on  the 
Permitted  List,  made  by  the  Cotton  Powder  Co.  The  permit 
has  been  repealed. 


Date  of  Permit 

Nitroglycerine 
Ammonium  nitrate 
Sodium  nitrate 
Trinitro-toluene 
Wood  meal     . 
Ammonium  chloride 


Limit  charge  .... 
Power  (swing  of  ballistic  pendulum) 


3-7-16 

5-3 
51 
11 

6 

8'5 


18  oz. 
2*60" 


DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES  61 

METEOR  AXXO  is  an  American  coal-mine  explosive 
on  the  Permissible  List.  It  is  a  low-grade  dynamite  con- 
taining a  hydrated  salt. 

MIEDZIANKIT  (also  called  Egelit  or  Kieselbacher 
Chloratsprengstoff)  is  a  German  chlorate  explosive  of  the 
Sprengel  class.  It  consists  of  porous  potassium  chlorate 
impregnated  with  not  more  than  10  per  cent,  of  kerosene, 
having  a  flash  point  not  below  30°  C.  It  has  met  with  some 
unfavourable  reports,  as  it  is  found  that  results  are  not 
uniform  unless  the  impregnation  be  carried  out  in  special 
factories,  the  original  idea  having  been  that  it  was  to  be 
done  shortly  before  use. 

During  the  War  a  modification  of  the  explosive  was  intro- 
duced for  use  in  coal  mines.  This  contains  up  to  80  per 
cent,  of  sodium  chloride. 

MINERITE. — A  coal-mine  explosive  made  by  the 
Forcite  Co.  of  Baelen  Wezel  in  Belgium,  identical  in 
composition  with  Kohlen-carbonite  and  Colinite  antigri- 
souteuse. 

MINER'S  FRIEND,  NOS.  1  to  6.  American  coal-mine 
explosives  on  the  Permissible  List.  They  are  ammonium 
nitrate  explosives. 

MINITE. — A  coal-mine  explosive  of  the  Grisounite 
type  which  was  on  the  old  Permitted  List — 

Ammonium  nitrate  .         .         .         .89 

Trinitro-toluene       .         .         .         .         .10 
Ammonium  oxalate          ....       1 

There  was  also  an  explosive  of  the  Carbonite  type  of  this 
name  made  at  Arendonck  in  Belgium — 

Nitroglycerine         .         .         .         .         .25 
Potassium  nitrate   .         .         .         ,         .85 

Flour 89-5 

Soda 0-5 

Charge  limite  .....  750  g. 


62  DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES 

MIN-ITE. — American  coal-mine  explosive  on  the  Per- 
missible List.  Brands  A,  A-2,  B,  and  B-2  are  nitroglycerine 
explosives,  whereas  Nos.  5-D  and  6-D  are  ammonium  nitrate 
mixtures. 

MINOLITE. — A  Belgian  blasting  explosive,  which  is 
also  approved  for  transport  over  the  German  railways.  It 
contains  ammonium  nitrate,  dinitro-  or  trinitro-naphtha- 
lene  with  other  substances  added  in  some  cases.  A  variety 
for  use  in  coal  mines  is  called  Minolite  antigrisouteuse. 

Minolite 

antigri-        Minolite 

souteuse.     nouvelle. 

Ammonium  nitrate  72  87 


Sodium  nitrate 

Trinitro-toluene 

Trinitro-naphthalene 

Dinitro-naphthalene 

Quebracho 


23  3 
3 

2  5 

—  8 

—  2 


Charge  limite  ...  400  g. 

There  was  also  a  variety  containing  lead  nitrate,  but  this 
could  not  be  used  in  mines  because  of  the  poisonous  smoke 
it  evolved. 

*MISGHPULVER  is  a  name  given  in  German  to  un- 
gelatinised  smokeless  nitro-cellulose  powders. 

MITCHELLITE  was  an  explosive  that  was  formerly 
licensed  for  manufacture  in  Great  Britain,  and  was  made  at 
Bonnybridge,  Stirling,  but  the  factory  and  the  licence  were 
transferred  to  the  M.B.  Powder  Co.  in  1910.  It  was 
apparently  a  chlorate  or  perchlorate  explosive.  It  is  said 
to  be  manufactured  at  Monticello,  Indiana,  U.S.A. 

*MODDITE. — A  sporting  rifle  powder  made  by  Eley 
Bros.  Analysis  of  a  sample  showed — 

Nitroglycerine 38  '7 

Nitrocellulose 56  '8 

Mineral  jelly  .  .         ,         .         .         .4*3 

Volatile  matter  0'2 


DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES 


68 


Of    the    nitrocellulose    about    one-third    was     soluble    in 
ether-alcohol.    It  was  made  in  the  form  of  strip. 

MONAGHIT  is  a  German  blasting  explosive  which  was 
known  at  one  time  as  Vigorit.  It  is  distinguished  by  con- 
taining nitro-compounds  derived  from  naphtha,  mostly 
nitro-xylenes  and  nitro-mesitylenes. 

Monachit  I.  contains  ammonium  nitrate,  not  more  than 
15  per  cent,  of  nitro-compounds,  of  which  not  more  than 
60  per  cent,  must  be  trinitro-bodies,  also  vegetable  meal  and 
potassium  nitrate. 

Monachit  II.  contains  in  addition  not  more  than  1  per 
cent,  of  collodion  cotton,  not  more  than  1  per  cent,  of  char- 
coal, also  hydrocarbons  and  ammonium  oxalate  or  other 
salts  to  act  as  cooling  agents,  and  render  the  explosive  suitable 
for  use  in  coal  mines,  e.  g. — 

Ammonium  nitrate  81 


Potassium  nitrate 
Nitro-compounds 
Collodion  cotton 
Flour 
Charcoal    . 
Potassium  chloride 


5 
13 


64 
3 
14 

1 
•i  

1 

-  17 


The  collodion  cotton  is  to  gelatinise   the   nitro-compounds 
when  they  are  liquid. 

MONARKITE  is  a  coal-mine  explosive  made  by  Kynoch, 
Ltd.,  and  is  on  the  Permitted  List — 


Date  of  Permit 
Eeviaed 

Ammonium  nitrate 
Sodium  nitrate 
Nitroglycerine 
Collodion  cotton 
Starch   . 
Mineral  jelly  . 
Sodium  chloride 


Limit  charge  .... 
Power  (swing  of  ballistic  pendulum) 

1  Including  not  more  than  2  per  cent,  of  magnesium  carbonate 


10-2-14 
20-9-19 

49  * 

9 
11-5 

0-3 

3-5 

2 
24-7 

18  oz. 
2-30" 


64 


DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES 


MONOBEL  is  a  coal-mine  explosive  made  by  Nobel's 
Explosives  Co.  There  are  three  formulae  which  have 
passed  the  Rotherham  Test,  but  A  1  is  no  longer  on  the 
Permitted  List — 


Date  of  Permit '  . 

Ammonium  nitrate 

Nitroglycerine 

Wood  meal  . 

Sodium  chloride     . 

Potassium  chloride 

Magnesium  carbonate 

Limit  charge 

Power  (swing  of  ballistic  pendulum) 

There  is  also  Quarry  Monobel  which  is  not  permitted  for 
use  in  dangerous  coal  mines,  and  presumably  contains  no 
alkali  chloride. 

See  also  Viking  Powder  and  Victor  Powder. 

MONOBEL,  NOS.  1  to  7  are  on  the  American  Permis- 
sible List.  Of  these,  Nos.  4  and  5  are  low-freezing  explosives, 
containing  a  small  percentage  of  nitro-toluene  or  similar 
substance ;  Nos.  8  and  5  are  less  violent  than  the  others. 

MONOBEL  POWDER  was  the  predecessor  of  the  above 
and  was  on  the  old  Permitted  List.  It  is  now  no  longer 
"  permitted." 


Monobel 

Al 

A2 

No.  1. 

Monobel. 

Monobel. 

.  10-2-14 

13-5-14 

15-1-15 

68 

60 

59 

8-5 

10 

10 

8-5 

10 

10 

15 

— 

— 

— 

20 

20 

.  — 

— 

1 

.      10 

28 

22  oz. 

2'81 

2'78 

2'44' 

Ammonium  nitrate 
Nitroglycerine 
Wood  meal 


80 
10 
10 


*MULLERITE. — A  shot-gun  powder  made  by  the 
Muller  Co.  in  Belgium.  It  is  a  gelatinised  dense 
powder  in  the  form  of  green  leaflets,  and  the  charge  for  a 
12-bore  cartridge  was  83  grains.  It  contains  no  inorganic 
salts. 


EXPLOSIFS  N.     See  Favier  Explosives, 


DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES  65 

NAPHTHALIT.— A  German  chlorate  explosive  intro- 
duced during  the  War.  It  contains  not  more  than  80  per 
cent,  of  potassium  chlorate,  and  aromatic  hydrocarbons, 
such  as  naphthalene,  and  not  more  than  12  per  cent,  of  nitro- 
hydrocarbons,  but  no  trinitro-compounds ;  also  paraffins, 
fatty  oils,  flour  or  other  organic  substance.  It  may  contain 
also  alkali  chlorides,  and  not  more  than  4  per  cent,  of 
blasting  gelatine. 

The  prefixes  Gesteins-  and  Wetter-  are  applied  according 
as  the  explosive  is  intended  for  rock  or  coal  mines. 

Grisou-NAPHTALITE.     See  FAVIER  Explosives. 

NATIONALITE.— A  coal-mine  explosive  of  the  Gris- 
ounite  class  made  by  the  National  Explosives  Co.,  Ltd.  The 
composition,  which  was  on  the  old  Permitted  List,  was — 

Ammonium  nitrate  .         .         .         .92 

Di-  and  Trinitro -toluene  .  8 

But  to  pass  the  Rotherham  Test  it  was  necessary  to  add 
alkali  chlorides.  There  were  two  formulae  formerly  on  the 
Permitted  List — 

No.  1.  No.  2. 

Date  of  Permit          ....  22-6-14  28-1-15 
Ammonium  nitrate   .          .          .          .65*5         64 
Trinitro-toluene         .          .          .          .15  15 

Sodium  chloride        .          .          .          .19*5 
Potassium  chloride    .          .          .          .     —  21 

Limit  charge 12  20  oz. 

Power  (swing  of  ballistic  pendulum)    .       2'92         2*63" 
The  permits  have  been  repealed. 

*N.C.T.  is  the  name  given  in  the  British  service  to  the 
Nitro-Cellulose  Tubular  smokeless  powder,  made  in  the  same 
way  as  the  American  service  powder.  It  consists  of  nitro- 
cellulose completely  soluble  in  ether-alcohol,  but  of  com- 
paratively high  nitration.  It  is  gelatinised  with  ether- 
5 


66 


DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES 


alcohol  and  pressed  into  cords  with  either  one  or  seven 
perforations  running  down  them  length- ways.  These  are 
cut  into  short  cylinders  and  dried.  The  powder  contains  a 
little  diphenylamine  as  a  stabiliser. 

N.E.     See  New  Explosives  Company's  Smokeless  Powder. 

NEGRO  POWDER.— A  coal-mine  explosive  of  the 
Grisounite  class  made  by  Roburite  and  Ammonal,  Ltd. 
The  composition,  which  was  on  the  old  Permitted  List,  was — 

Ammonium  nitrate  .         .         .         .88 

Trinitrotoluene       .         .         .         .         .10 

Graphite 2 

and  a  small  quantity  of  colouring  matter. 

To  enable  it  to  pass  the  Rotherham  Test,  sodium  chloride 
has  been  added,  and  Negro  Powder  No.  2  is  now  on  the 
Permitted  List — 


Date  of  Permit      , 
Ammonium  nitrate 
Trinitro -toluene 
Graphite 
Sodium  chloride 
Colouring  matter 


25-11-13 
.     57 
.     15 
.       0-7 
*     27/3 
small  quantity 

Limit  charge  .          .          .          .          .         .     20  oz. 

Power  (swing  of  ballistic  pendulum)  .         .      2'21" 


NEONAL. — A  coal-mine  explosive  made  by  the  New 
Explosives  Company.  Two  formulae  were  at  one  time  on  the 
Permitted  List — 

No.  1. 

Date  of  Permit        . 

Nitroglycerine 
Collodion  cotton 
Di-  and  Trinitro-toluene 
Wood  meal 
Potassium  perchlorate 
Ammonium  oxalate  . 

Limit  charge    .... 
Power  (swing  of  ballistic  pendulum) 

Both  have  now  been  repealed. 


I-tf-10 

21 

22-O-14 

40 

1 

2 

0'2 

— 

15'8 

5 

37 

14 

25 

39 

16 

30  oz. 

2'56 

2-51" 

DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES 


67 


*NEONITE. — A  30-grain  bulk  gelatinised  smokeless 
shot-gun  powder  introduced  by  the  New  Explosives  Co. 
in  1907.  According  to  an  analysis  given  in  "  Arms  and 
Explosives,"  1917,  p.  76,  its  composition  is — 

Nitrocellulose,  insoluble  73 '0 

„          soluble      .  9'0 

Metallic  nitrates      .         .  10*5 

Vaseline          ...  5*9 

Moisture         ...  1*6 

Neonites  are  also  made  for  various  types  of  rifled  small 
arms,  including  military  rifles,  cadet  rifles,  revolvers  and 
rim -fire  rifles.  These  are  all  nitrocellulose  powders  with  or 
without  moderants. 

*NEW  EXPLOSIVES  COMPANY'S  SMOKELESS 
POWDER  or  N.E.— A  36-grain  fibrous  bulk  powder  for 
shot-guns  introduced  in  1912.  According  to  an  analysis 
given  in  "  Arms  and  Explosives,"  1917,  p.  76,  its  composition 
is — 

Nitrocellulose,  insoluble  .         .  50 '0 

„  soluble  .         .  25 '8 

Metallic  nitrates      .  .  12'0 

Nitro-hydrocarbons  .          .  7*0 

Vaseline          .         .  .         .  3'5 

Moisture         .  .         .  1'7 

NEW  FORTEX.     See  FORTEX. 
NITRALITE.     See  DENSITE. 

NITRO-DENSITE.— A  coal-mine  explosive  made  by 
Kynoch,  Ltd.  It  was  of  the  Carbonite  type,  and  was  at 
one  time  on  the  Permitted  List — 


Date  of  Permit 
Nitroglycerine 
Barium  nitrate 
Wood  meal     . 
Starch   . 
French  chalk 

Limit  charge  .... 
Power  (swing  of  ballistic  pendulum) 


1-9-13 
18 
25 

5'5 
28-5 
23 

28  oz. 
T47" 


68  DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES 

*NITROKOL. — A  gelatinised  nitrocellulose  powder  in- 
tended for  use  in  rifles.  It  consists  of  a  nitrocellulose,  mostly 
soluble  in  ether-alcohol,  and  gelatinised  with  that  solvent. 
It  is  made  up  in  the  form  of  small  square  flakes  which  are 
graphited. 

NITROLIT. — A  high  explosive  used  by  the  Germans  for 
filling  shell.  It  is  a  mixture  of  ammonium  nitrate  and 
trinitro-anisol. 

The  name  was  formerly  given  by  C.  Lamm  of  Stockholm 
to  a  blasting  explosive  containing  blasting  gelatine,  ammonium 
nitrate  and  other  substances. 

NITRO  LOW-FLAME,  NOS.  1  and  2  are  American 
coal-mine  explosives  on  the  Permissible  List.  They  are 
nitroglycerine  mixtures. 

NOBEL  AMMONIA  POWDER.— A  coal-mine  ex- 
plosive which  was  on  the  old  Permitted  List — 

Ammonium  nitrate  .  .  .  .84 
Nitroglycerine  .....  8 
Wood  meal 8 

NOBEL  GELATINE  DYNAMITE.) 
NOBEL  GELIGNITE.  } 

names  explosives  were  introduced  during  the  War  with 
modified  compositions,  the  potassium  nitrate  being  replaced 
by  sodium  nitrate,  and  the  percentage  of  nitroglycerine  being 
reduced. 

NOBELIT  is  a  German  blasting  explosive  containing 
blasting  gelatine,  carbonaceous  substances,  inorganic  nitrates 
and  sodium  or  potassium  chloride. 

AMMON-NOBELIT  contains  ammonium  nitrate,  and 
the  proportion  of  blasting  gelatine  is  limited  to  4  per  cent. 
It  may  contain  sodium  or  potassium  oxalate,  and  various 
other  substances  that  are  not  present  in  Nobelit. 


DICTIONARY   OF  EXPLOSIVES  69 

*NORMAL  POWDER. — A  smokeless  powder  which 
was  said  to  have  been  adopted  by  the  Governments  of 
Switzerland,  Sweden,  Norway,  Denmark  and  Finland.  The 
following  analyses  were  given  in  "  Arms  and  Explosives,"  1917, 
p.  91— 

Rifle.          Shot-gun  Powders. 
Date  of  Sample  .          .      1895  1913  1902 

Nitrocellulose,  insoluble  .     93'0  8*8  40'8 

„             soluble  .  .        3-5  89'4  56'1 

Resin           .          .          .  .2-0 

Moisture      .         .         .  .1-5  1-8  2'0 

NORMANITE. — A  coal-mine  explosive  which  was  made 
by  the  Cotton  Powder  Co.,  and  was  on  the  old  Permitted 
List- 
Nitroglycerine          .....     33*5 

Collodion  cotton      .          .          .          .          .1*5 

Potassium  nitrate    .          .          .          .          .44*5 

Wood  meal     ......       8 

Charcoal          .          .          .          .          .          .1*5 

Ammonium  oxalate          .          .          .          .11 

Explosifs  O  are  the  chlorate  explosives  made  in  the 
French  State  factories.  Ol,  O2,  O4  and  O5  are  Cheddites 
(q.  v.).  O3  is  a  Sprengel  explosive,  and  is  dealt  with  under 
the  heading  of  Promethe*e. 

OAKLEY  QUARRY  POWDER  is  a  blasting  explosive 
consisting  of  ammonium  nitrate  and  tetryl. 

OAKLITE. — A  coal-mine  explosive  made  by  the  Ex- 
plosives and  Chemical  Products,  Ltd.,  which  was  on  the  old 
Permitted  List — 

No.  1.  No.  2. 

Nitroglycerine            .          .          .          .25*5  10 

Collodion  cotton        .          .          .          .1  0'5 
Potassium  nitrate      ....     34*5 

Ammonium  nitrate   .          .          .          .       —  79 '3 

Wood  meal       .....     38'7  10 

Magnesium  carbonate         .         .         .       0*3  0*2 


70  DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES 

ODITE. — A  coal-mine   explosive  which  was   made  by 
the   New   Explosives   Co.,   and   was  on  the  old  Permitted 
List- 
Ammonium  nitrate           .         .          .  .88 
Dinitro-benzene       .         .         .         .  .12 

OPHORITE.— A  mild  but  hot  explosive  consisting  of— 

Potassium  perchlorate      .         .  .60 

Magnesium  powder  .         .         .         .40 

It  is  used  as  a  bursting  charge  for  incendiary  shell,  smoke 
bombs,  etc. 

ORKANIT  is  the  same  as  Alkalsit,  but  may  contain 
sodium  chloride  and  similar  salts. 

OXYLIQUIT  is  a  blasting  explosive  consisting  of  liquid 
oxygen  absorbed  in  some  porous  combustile  material,  such 
as  absorbent  cork,  soot  or  kieselguhr  mixed  with  petro- 
leum. It  was  discovered  in  1895  by  Prof.  F.  C.  Linde,  and 
was  tried  on  a  large  scale  in  1899  in  the  construction  of  the 
Simplon  tunnel.  It  is  very  cheap,  and  is  safe  in  the  case  of 
a  missfire,  because  in  about  half-an-hour  the  oxygen  has  all 
evaporated  off  and  the  charge  becomes  inexplosive.  On 
the  other  hand,  it  is  necessary  to  have  the  air  liquefying 
plant  near  the  scene  of  operations,  and  the  charge  must  be 
fired  soon  after  charging.  These  disadvantages  prevented 
the  adoption  of  the  explosive,  but  during  the  War  fresh 
trials  were  made  in  Germany  in  consequence  of  the  scarcity 
of  nitrates. 

Liquid  oxygen  explosives  are  now  used  on  a  considerable 
scale  by  the  Germans  for  military,  as  well  as  civil  blasting 
operations.  The  name  Oxyliquit,  however,  seems  only  to 
be  applied  to  them  when  the  explosive  is  made  in  the  manner 
and  with  the  plant  of  the  Linde  Company.  See  also  Marsit. 

PANGLASTITE.— A  Sprengel  explosive  made  by  mix- 
ing liquid  nitrogen  peroxide  with  carbon  bisulphide,  nitro- 


DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES 


71 


benzene  or  nitro-toluene.  It  was  proposed  in  1881  by 
Turpin,  and  was  tried  by  Germany  for  filling  shell,  the  two 
constituents  being  contained  in  separate  glass  containers, 
which  were  broken  by  the  shock  of  discharge.  It  was  not 
adopted  there  on  account  of  the  inconvenience  of  dealing 
with  a  liquid  which  gives  off  poisonous  fumes.  It  is  a  power- 
ful and  violent  explosive,  and  is  probably  the  same  as  the 
"  Turpinite  "  about  which  sensational  statements  were  made 
in  the  press  early  in  the  War. 

PANNONIT.— A  blasting  explosive  made  by  the  A.  G. 
Dynamit  Nobel  of  Austria.  It  has  replaced  Progressit  in 
Austria  as  a  coal-mine  explosive.  Its  composition  is — 


Nitroglycerine 

Collodion  cotton 

Ammonium  nitrate 

Dextrin 

Glycerine 

Nitro-toluene 

Sodium  or  potassium  chloride 


25'5 

1*5 
37 

4 

3 

5 
24 


PAST  ANIL. — A  German  ammonium  nitrate  blasting 
explosive  similar  to  Plastammon. 

*P.G./88. — A  Swiss  smokeless  powder  for  small-arms 
consisting  of — 

Nitrocellulose  .         .          .         .         .82 

Trinitro-toluene       .         .         .  .     18 

PERAGON. — A  German  blasting  explosive  containing 
potassium  perchlorate,  zinc-aluminium  alloy,  aromatic  nitro- 
compounds  and  some  other  constituents. 

PERGHLORIT  is  a  German  blasting  explosive  introduced 
recently.  It  contains  ammonium  nitrate,  a  perchlorate, 
mono-  and  dinitro-compounds,  meal,  charcoal,  and  not  more 
than  4  per  cent,  of  nitroglycerine. 


PERDIT. — An    explosive    used    by    the    Germans    for 


72  DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES 

mining    and    demolitions    and    rifle    grenades.     It    consists 
of— 

Ammonium  nitrate  .          .          .         .76 

Potassium  perchlorate      ....       6 

Wood  meal 2 

Dinitro-toluene  16 


PERILIT. — A  German  perchlorate  blasting  explosive 
made  by  the  Koeln-Rottweil  Pulverfabriken.  It  contains 
not  more  than  65  per  cent,  of  potassium  perchlorate,  aromatic 
nitro-compounds,  not  more  than  6  per  cent,  of  dinitro- 
chlorhydrin,  flour,  etc.,  and  nitrates  (but  not  more  than 
10  per  cent,  of  potassium  nitrate). 

PERKORONIT.     See  Koronit. 

PERMON  POWDER.— A  coal-mine  explosive  which 
was  on  the  Permitted  List.  It  was  made  by  the  Carbonite 
Syndicate  in  Germany,  and  imported  into  Great  Britain — 

Date  of  Permit      .....  25-11-13 
Nitroglycerine          .         .         .          .          .12 
Collodion  cotton      .....       0*4 
Ammonium  nitrate  .          .          .          .55 

Sodium  nitrate        .          .          .          .          .       1 
Glycerine        ......       4 

Potato  flour 10'6 

Sodium  chloride      .          .          .          .         .17 

Limit  charge  .          .          .          .          .          .     18  oz. 

Power  (swing  of  ballistic  pendulum)  .          .       2 '57" 

The  permit  was  repealed  on  21-11-16. 

PERMONITE. — A  potassium  perchlorate  explosive 
made  by  the  Carbonite  Syndicate  at  Schlebusch  in  Germany. 
A  number  of  mixtures  have  been  placed  on  the  market, 
but  they  do  not  differ  from  one  another  very  much.  One 
which  was  on  the  old  British  Permitted  List  was — 


DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES  73 

Potassium  perchlorate  .  .  .  .  32  "2 
Ammonium  nitrate  .  .  .  .41 

Nitroglycerine  .  .  .  .  .  3'5 
Collodion  cotton  .  .  .  .  .0*3 
Trinitro -toluene  .  .  .  .  .12 

Starch 8 

Wood  meal     ......       3 

See  also  Gesteins  Leonit. 

PERRUMPIT. — A  German  coal-mine  explosive  con- 
taining ammonium  nitrate,  sodium  nitrate,  vegetable  meal, 
fatty  oils,  graphite  and  aluminium,  cooling  agents  such  as 
ammonium  oxalate  or  sodium  chloride,  and  not  more  than 
15  per  cent,  of  trinitro-toluene. 

PERSALIT  is  a  German  perchlorate  explosive  made 
by  the  Westfulisch-Anhaltische  Sprengstoff  A.-G.  It  con- 
tains not  more  than  77  per  cent,  of  an  alkali  or  alkali  earth 
perchlorate,  organic  matter  such  as  hydrocarbons,  resins, 
meal  or  nitrated  hydrocarbons  (with  the  proviso  that  if 
the  percentage  of  perchlorate  exceed  70,  there  must  not  be 
more  than  10  per  cent,  of  trinitro-toluene).  There  must 
also  be  not  less  than  4  per  cent,  of  ammonium  nitrate,  and 
there  may  be  an  addition  of  sodium  nitrate  or  other  salt 
that  does  not  increase  the  sensitiveness. 

WETTER-PERSALIT  is  a  similar  explosive,  but  has 
been  modified  to  make  it  more  suitable  for  use  in  coal  mines. 
It  contains  not  more  than  85  per  cent,  of  potassium  per- 
chlorate, not  more  than  25  per  cent,  of  ammonium  nitrate, 
aromatic  nitro-compounds  of  which  not  more  than  20  per 
cent,  must  be  trinitro-toluene,  vegetable  meal,  not  more  than 
6  per  cent,  of  nitroglycerine,  sodium  nitrate,  and  neutral 
salts.  It  is  similar  to  Neu-Leonit. 

PETROKLASTIT  or  HALOKLASTIT  is  a  modified 
gunpowder  mixture  used  in  Germany  in  potash  mines  and 
stone  quarries.  It  contains  sodium  nitrate,  sulphur,  coal-tar 
pitch,  potassium  nitrate,  not  more  than  1  per  cent,  of  potas- 


74  DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES 

sium  bichromate,  and  may  have  up  to  10  per  cent,  of  charcoal, 
as,  for  instance — 


Sodium  nitrate 
Potassium  nitrate   . 
Sulphur 
Coai-tar  pitch 
Potassium  bichromate 


69 
5 

10 

15 

1 


It  is  more  powerful  than  ordinary  blasting  powder,  and 
somewhat  less  sensitive  to  blows.  This  explosive  is  also 
made  in  Switzerland. 

PETROLIT  is  a  German  chlorate  explosive  introduced 
during  the  War.  It  contains  not  more  than  88  per  cent,  of 
potassium  chlorate,  nitro-compounds,  kerosene,  and  neutral 
salts.  (This  is  rather  a  dangerous  mixture. — A.M.) 

PFALZIT. — A  German  blasting  explosive  containing 
ammonium  nitrate,  sodium  nitrate,  not  more  than  13  per 
cent,  of  trinitro-toluene,  not  more  than  1  per  cent,  of  collodion 
cotton,  meal,  sodium  chloride,  etc. 

PHCENIX  POWDER.— A  German  coal-mine  explosive 
made  by  Dr.  R.  Nahnsen  and  Co.,  of  Hamburg.  It 
passed  the  Woolwich  Test  and  was  on  the  old  Permitted 
List. 


Nitroglycerine 
Collodion  cotton 
Potassium  nitrate    . 
Wood  meal     . 

PICROL.— See  Shellite, 


29-5 
0-5 
82 
88 


PIERRITE.— -A  form  of  Cheddite  which  was  made  at 
Gamsee,  near  Brig,  for  excavating  the  Simplon  tunnel — 


Potassium  chlorate 
Nitro-naphthalene 
Picric  acid 
Castor  oil 


80 
11-5 

2 

G'5 


DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES  75 

PIT-ITE  was  a  coal-mine  explosive  of  the  Carbonite  type, 
made  by  the  New  Explosives  Co.,  Ltd.  The  composition, 
which  was  on  the  old  Permitted  List,  was — 

Nitroglycerine         .         .         .         .         .26 

Barium  nitrate        .         .         .         .         .33 

Wood  meal     .         .         .         .         .         .41 

and  a  little  sodium  or  calcium  carbonate. 

In  order  to  pass  the  Rotherham  Test,  the  composition 
was  modified  to  the  following,  No.  2,  which  was  formerly 
on  the  Permitted  List — 


Date  of  Permit 
Nitroglycerine 
Potassium  nitrate    . 
Wood  meal     . 
Ammonium  oxalate 


1-9-13 
24 
80 
88 

8 


Limit  charge  .....      over  82  oz. 
Power  (swing  of  ballistic  pendulum)  .         .       2*15" 

PITSEA  POWDER  NO.  2  was  a  coal-mine  explosive  on 
the  Permitted  List,  made  by  the  British  Explosives  Syndicate, 
Ltd.— 

Date  of  Permit        .....  26-11-13 
Nitroglycerine          .          .          .          .          .       6'5 
Ammonium  nitrate  .          .        • .          .55 

Potassium  nitrate    .          .          .         .          .10 

Wood  meal 10 

Ammonium  oxalate          .          .          .         .18*5 

Limit  charge  .         .         .         .         .  8  oz. 

Power  (swing  of  ballistic  pendulum    .          .       2*64" 

The  permit  has  been  repealed. 

Gesteins-PLASTAMMON. — A  German  blasting  ex- 
plosive containing  not  less  than  70  per  cent,  of  ammonium 
nitrate,  glycerine,  not  more  than  15  per  cent,  of  nitro-toluene 
or  other  nitro-compounds,  and  not  more  than  4  per  cent,  of 
nitro-semicellulose. 

Steinkohlen-PLASTAMMON  is  a  variation  of  this,  con- 


76  DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES 

taining  not  more  than  25  per  cent,  of  potassium  nitrate,  and 
intended  for  use  in  coal  mines. 

*PLASTOMENIT  was  an  early  German  shot-gun 
powder  which  possessed  no  great  merits.  The  following  was 
the  composition  of  a  sample  examined  in  1893,  and  given 
in  "Arms  and  Explosives,"  1917,  p.  90 — 


Nitrocellulose,  insoluble 

„  soluble 

Metallic  nitrates 
Dinitro-toluene  (solvent) 
Moisture 


32-7 
19'3 
21'0 
26-0 
1-0 


PLASTROTYL. — A  German  high  explosive  for  filling 
shell.  It  consists  of  a  partially  liquid  mixture  of  trinitro- 
and  dinitro-toluene  gelatinised  by  means  of  not  more  than 
0-5  pep  cent,  of  collodion  cotton,  and  mixed  with  a  small 
quantity  of  turpentine  or  soft  resin.  It  does  not  appear  to 
be  in  use  now. 

PLESSIT  is  a  blasting  explosive  that  was  introduced  in 
Germany  during  the  War.  It  consists  of  potassium  chlorate, 
not  more  than  9*5  per  cent,  of  kerosene  and  0*5  per  cent,  of 
albumen.  Wetter-Pi essit  III.  contains  sodium  chloride  as 
well. 

PNIOWIT. — A  German  blasting  explosive  containing 
ammonium  nitrate,  trinitro-toluene,  wood  meal  and  a  small 
percentage  of  potassium  perchlorate. 

Nobel  POLARITE  is  a  blasting  explosive  made  by 
Nobel's  Explosives  Co.,  Ltd.  It  consists  of  potassium  per- 
chlorate, and  nitroglycerine  mixed  with  a  nitro-compound 
and  gelatinised  with  collodion  cotton,  and  absorbed  in  wood 
meal. 

Poudres  B,  J,  M,  S,  T.  See  under  respective 
letters. 


DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES  77 

PRAEPOSIT  is  a  modified  gunpowder — 

Potassium  (or  sodium)  nitrate)  .          .     70 

Sulphur  .          .         .          .         .          .18 

Charcoal         ......       6 

Hipposin         ......       6 

the  last  constituent  being  a  fine  powdery  substance  obtained 
from  dried  horse  dung.  It  is  slower  than  ordinary  blasting 
powder  and  more  expensive.  It  has  a  tendency  to  blow 
out,  and  opinions  as  to  its  value  vary.  Formerly  it  was 
supplied  in  the  form  of  a  fine  powder,  but  it  is  now  granulated 
or  made  into  compressed  cartridges. 

*PRIMROSE  SMOKELESS  is  an  inexpensive  42-grain 
bulk  powder  for  shot-guns  made  by  the  New  Explosives  Co. 

PROGRESSIT  was  an  explosive  formerly  used  in 
Austrian  coal  mines — 

Ammonium  nitrate         .         .          .     94         89 
Aniline  hydrochloride     ...       6  5 

Ammonium  sulphate      ...     —          6 

It  was  superseded  in  1913  by  Pannonit. 

PROM£TH£E  or  PROMETHEUS  is  a  Sprengel  ex- 
plosive made  by  the  French  Government,  by  whom  it  is  also 
called  Explosif  O3.  It  consists  of  a  porous  oxygen  carrier 
and  a  liquid  combustible,  which  are  supplied  separately,  and 
the  one  is  dipped  in  the  other  shortly  before  use — 


10 


}    Oxygen  carrier,  92  to  87  o/0 


1  2 

Nitro-benzene       .           50  60  ] 

Turpentine            .           20  15  V     Combustible,      8  to  13  % 

Naphtha     .           .           30  25  J 

Any  combination  of  a,   b  or  c  with  1  or  2  may  be    used. 
The  amount  of  liquid  combustible  taken  up  may  vary  from 


78 


DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES 


8  to  13  per  cent. :  this  irregularity  is  a  serious  defect,  and 
may  cause  incomplete  detonation.  This  explosive  is  also 
made  in  Italy. 

PROSPERIT  is  a  German  ammonium  nitrate  explosive, 
containing  also  vegetable  meal,  nitro-compounds  and  other 
constituents.  It  may  contain  up  to  4  per  cent,  of  blasting 
gelatine. 

Gelatine-Prosperit  contains  also  up  to  20  per  cent,  of 
dinitro-chlorhydrin  gelatinised  with  collodion  cotton. 

PULVJ5RIN. — An  ungranulated  black  powder  made  in 
France  for  use  in  fireworks,  etc. 

PULVfiRITE. — A  Belgian  coal-mine  explosive  contain- 
ing perchlorate — 


Ammonium  nitrate 
Potassium  perchlorate 
Nitroglycerine 
Collodion  cotton 
Trinitro-toluene 
Flour     . 
Sodium  chloride 
Ammonium  sulphate 
Barium  sulphate 


The   "  charge    limite "    is    850    grammes, 
504  grammes  of  Dynamite  No.  1. 


30-5 
24 

6 

0'5 

7 

5 
18 

7 

2 


equivalent    to 


PYROGOLLODION  is  a  nitrocotton  almost  entirely 
soluble  in  ether-alcohol,  and  of  comparatively  high  nitration. 
It  contains  about  12-5  to  12«7  per  cent,  of  nitrogen,  and 
consequently  has  about  enough  oxygen  to  oxidise  all  its 
hydrogen  to  water,  and  its  carbon  to  the  monoxide.  It 
was  first  prepared  by  Mendele*eff  for  the  Russian  smokeless 
powder,  and  was  afterwards  adopted  by  the  United  States 
for  their  present  powder. 

PYROXILINE  was  a  name  formerly  given  to  nitro- 
cellulose. 


DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES  79 

RACK-A-ROCK  is  a  Sprengel  explosive  which  has  been 
used  extensively  in  America,  and  also  in  Siberia  and  China. 
It  consists  of  cartridges  of  potassium  chlorate  mixed  some- 
times with  oxide  of  iron,  which  are  dipped  shortly  before 
use  into  a  liquid.  The  latter  is  nitro-benzene  or  "  dead 
oil,**  a  heavy  hydrocarbon  oil  obtained  from  coal-tar,  or  a 
mixture  of  the  two.  The  chlorate  cartridges  are  enclosed 
in  small  cotton  bags,  and  are  placed  in  a  wire  basket  sus- 
pended from  a  spring  balance.  They  are  dipped  into  a 
vessel  containing  the  liquid  until  a  quarter  or  a  third  of  the 
weight  of  the  chlorate  has  been  taken  up. 

RASCHIT  is  a  blasting  explosive  consisting  entirely  of 
salts  readily  soluble  in  water,  invented  by  F.  Raschig.  The 
incorporation  is  carried  out  by  dissolving  the  constituents  in 
water,  and  evaporating  the  solution  rapidly  on  a  rotating 
steam-heated  drum.  The  oxidising  substance  is  ammonium 
or  sodium  nitrate,  and  the  combustible  is  the  sodium  salt  of 
an  organic  sulphonate  or  the  residue  obtained  from  the 
manufacture  of  wood  cellulose. 

II.        III.       IV.       V.       VI. 
Ammonium  nitrate  .         .  —      84      87      60      85 


70 


16 


30       —       13       10       — 


Sodium  nitrate 

Ammonium  nitro-cresol  sulphonate 

Sodium  cresol  sulphonate  . 

Cellulose  residue        . 

Sodium  sulphate 

No.  II.  is  the  only  one  made  at  present. 

R.D.B.  (Research  Department  B).     See  CORDITE. 

RED  GROSS  explosives  are  American  dynamites  con- 
taining some  nitro-toluene  or  other  substance  to  make  the 
nitroglycerine  low-freezing. 

RED  H,  Nos.  1  to  7  are  American  coal-mine  explosives 
on  the  Permissible  List.  They  are  ammonium  nitrate 
mixtures. 


80 


DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES 


*RED  STAR  is  a  33-grain  bulk  smokeless  powder  for 
shot-guns,  introduced  in  1906  by  the  New  Explosives  Co. 
According  to  an  analysis  given  in  "Arms  and  Explosives," 
1917,  p.  76,  its  composition  is — 


Nitrocellulose,  insoluble 

,,  soluble 

Metallic  nitrates 
Nitro-compounds    . 
Vaseline 
Moisture 


52-2 

25'5 

10-5 

7-0 

3-0 

1-8 


RENDROGK.— A  brand  of  American  dynamite. 

REX  POWDER  is  a  coal-mine  explosive  made  by  the 
Cotton  Powder  Co.  It  is  on  the  Permitted  List,  and 
is  used  to  a  considerable  extent — 

Date  of  Permit 16-8-15 

Nitroglycerine         .         .         .         .         .12 
Ammonium  nitrate  .          .          .          .60 

Wood  meal 8'5 

Sodium  chloride      .         .         .         .         .19*5 

Limit  charge  .         .         .         .         .         .     20  oz. 

Power  (swing  of  ballistic  pendulum)  .          .       2*61" 

REXITE. — A  coal-mine  explosive  made  by  the  New 
Explosives  Co.,  which  was  on  the  old  Permitted  List. 
It  is  no  longer  "  permitted." 

Nitroglycerine  .  .  .  .  .7*5 
Ammonium  nitrate  .  .  .  .66 

Sodium  nitrate  .  .  .  .  .14*5 
Trinitro-toluene  .....  7*5 
Wood  meal  ......  4*5 

REXOL. — A  high  explosive  containing  ammonium  per- 
chlorate,  zinc  dust,  resin  and  mineral  oil. 


R.F.G.  (Rifled  Fine  Grain) 
R.L.G.  (Rifled  Large  Grain) 


black    powders    made    for 

rifles   and   rifled  ordnance 

respectively. 


DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES 


II. 

III. 

IV. 

V. 

50 

35 

24 

15 

82'6 

37 

56-2 

62'9 

17 

27-5 

19 

21'2 

0-4 

0-5 

0'8 

0'9 

RHENANIT. — A  German  blasting  explosive  containing 
ammonium  nitrate,  not  more  than  4  per  cent,  of  blasting 
gelatine,  and  combustibles  such  as  charcoal  and  naphthalene. 

Wetter-Rhenanit  is  for  use  in  coal  mines,  and  contains 
also  sodium  chloride. 

Rhenanit  V.,  which  has  been  introduced  recently,  contains 
up  to  10  per  cent,  of  potassium  perchlorate,  and  is  similar 
to  Astralit  V. 

RHEXIT.— An  Austrian  dynamite. 

Nitroglycerine 
Sodium  nitrate 
Wood  meal  . 
Sodium  carbonate 

*RIFLEITE  was  a  completely  gelatinised  smokeless 
powder  which  was  made  by  the  Smokeless  Powder  Co.; 
it  was  in  the  form  of  flakes.  A  variety  was  also  introduced 
for  use  in  shot-guns  and  was  called  Shot-Gun  Rifleite;  this 
was  a  37-grain  gelatinised  dense  powder. 


Date  of  Introduction 

Nitrocellulose,  insoluble 
„  soluble    . 

Nitro-compound 
Moisture       .... 

The  nitrocellulose  was  made  from  lignin.    These  analyses 
were  given  in  "Arms  and  Explosives,"  1917,  p.  77. 

RIPPING  AMMONAL.     See  AMMONAL. 

RIPPITE  is  an  explosive  made  by  Curtis's  and  Harvey, 
which  was  on  the  old  Permitted  List — 


Shot-gun 

For  -303 

Rifleite. 

Rifle. 

1894 

1890 

76-0 

1-7 

18-9 

82-5 

8-5 

14-8 

1'6 

1-0 

Nitroglycerine 
Collodion  cotton 
Potassium  nitrate 
Castor  oil 
Wood  meal     . 
Ammonium  oxalate 


61 
4 

19 
1 
5 

10 


82 


DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES 


It  is  no  longer  "  permitted  "   for  use  in  dangerous    coal 
mines,  but  is  still  used  for  general  purposes. 

SUPER-RIPPITE  is  a  modification  of  this,  which  has 
passed  the  Rotherham  Test  and  is  on  the  Permitted  List — 


Date  of  Permit 
Nitroglycerine 
Collodion  cotton 
Potassium  nitrate 
Borax    . 
Potassium  chloride 


Limit  charge  .... 
Power  (swing  of  ballistic  pendulum) 


29-8-14 
52 

3 

14'5 
22-5 

8 

18  oz. 
2*53" 


RIVALIT  is  a  German  blasting  explosive  containing 
ammonium  nitrate,  vegetable  meal,  nitro-compounds,  and 
may  also  contain  up  to  3  per  cent,  of  blasting  gelatine. 

Rivalit  P,  which  has  been  introduced  recently,  contains 
up  to  10  per  cent,  of  potassium  perchlorate,  and  is  practically 
the  same  as  Astralit  V. 

Chlorat-Rivalit  is  an  explosive  of  the  Cheddite  type, 
introduced  in  Germany  during  the  War — 


Potassium  chlorate 
Paraffin 


88-5 
11-5 


ROBURITE  is  a  coal-mine  explosive  of  the  Grisounite 
class.  In  Germany  many  different  mixtures  have  been 
made,  but  in  general  they  are  within  the  following  limits — 


Ammonium  nitrate 
Potassium  nitrate    . 
Trinitro -toluene 
Flour     . 
Sodium  chloride 
Potassium  permanganate 


70  to  80 
5  „  10 

12  „  15 

6 

5  to  6 
O'l  „  0-5 


but  some  are  outside  them. 

The  explosive  has  also  been  made  in  England  by  the 
Roburite  Explosives  Co.,  Ltd.,  now  incorporated  in  Roburite 


DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES  83 

and  Ammonal,    Ltd.,   who  had  the  following  on  the  old 
Permitted  List — 

No.  3 

Ammonium  nitrate  .          .          .          .88 

Dinitro-benzene       .          .          .          .         .11 
Chlor-naphthalene  .....       1 

The  following  has  passed  the  Rotherham  Test  and  is  now 
on  the  Permitted  List — 

No.  4 
Date  of  Permit      .....  13-5-14 

Ammonium  nitrate  .         .         .         .61 

Trinitro-toluene 16 

Sodium  chloride 23 

Limit  charge  .         .         .         .         .         .     18  oz. 

Power  (swing  of  ballistic  pendulum)  .         .       2 '86" 

ROGKITE  is  an  explosive  made  by  Curtis's  and  Harvey 
for  quarry  work,  etc. 

ROMPERIT. — A  German  blasting  explosive  containing 
ammonium  nitrate,  potassium  nitrate,  trinitro-toluene,  flour 
and  resin.  It  may  also  contain  up  to  4  per  cent,  of  blasting 
gelatine. 

Wetter-Romperit  contains  also  sodium  chloride,  am- 
monium chloride  or  magnesite,  and  is  used  in  coal  mines. 

Gelatine-Romperit  contains  gelatinised  nitroglycerine, 
glycerine,  potato  meal,  etc.,  and  nitrates,  and  may  also 
contain  aromatic  nitro-compounds  and  alkali  nitrates. 

Romperit  G,  which  has  been  introduced  recently,  contains 
up  to  10  per  cent,  of  potassium  perchlorate,  and  is  similar 
to  Astralit  V. 

ROSLIN  GIANT  BLASTING  POWDER  is  a  per- 
chlorate explosive  made  by  Curtis's  and  Harvey. 

*ROTTWEIL  SMOKELESS  POWDERS. —These  were 
pushed  energetically  in  England  in  1913.  They  comprised  a 
gelatinised  rifle  powder,  and  a  37-grain  gelatinised  dense  shot- 


84  DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES 

gun  powder.    Analyses  were  given  in  "  Arms  and  Explosives," 
1917,  p.  90— 

Shot-gun.  Rifle. 

Nitrocellulose,  insoluble         .         .     72 '3  72 -8 

soluble  .          .          .     24-5  25'0 
Metallic  nitrates                               .       0'7 

Camphor  and  diphenylamine          .       1*0  1*0 

Moisture 1*5  1*2 

*RUBY  POWDER.—-A  42-grain  bulk  smokeless  powder, 
for  shot-guns,  introduced  in  1899  by  Curtis's  and  Harvey. 
The  following  analysis  was  given  in  "Arms  and  Explosives," 
1917— 


Nitrocellulose,  insoluble 


soluble 


Metallic  nitrates 
Nitro-compound 
Starch  . 
Moisture 


46-6 
4-0 

34-0 
8'2 
5'5 
1-7 


It  is  an  inexpensive  powder  made  without  solvents. 

RUSSELITE. — A  coal-mine  explosive  which  was  made 
by  the  Forcite  Co.  in  Belgium.  It  was  on  the  old 
British  Permitted  List — 

Nitroglycerine          .         .         .         .         .     40 '5 

Collodion  cotton 2 '3 

Potassium  nitrate    .....     24*5 

Trinitro-toluene       .          .          .          .          .5*5 

Wood  meal     ......       4 

Ammonium  oxalate          .         .         .         .23 

Calcium  carbonate 0'2 

*Poudre  S  is  a  shot-gun  powder  made  by  the  French 
Government.  It  consists  of — 

Guncotton      .         .         .         .         .         .37 

Soluble  nitrocotton       .    .         .         .         .28 

Potassium  nitrate    .....       6 

Barium  nitrate        .         .         .         .         .29 

Moisture  .       2 


DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES 


85 


The  ingredients  are  incorporated  together  under  light 
edge  runners,  dried  and  partially  gelatinised  with  35  per 
cent,  of  ether-alcohol.  The  dough,  which  is  not  very  co- 
herent, is  formed  into  grains  by  simply  passing  it  through  a 
sieve.  The  grains  are  dried,  sifted,  hardened  if  necessary 
with  ether-alcohol,  and  again  dried  and  sifted. 

8ABULITE  is  a  blasting  explosive  containing  ammonium 
nitrate,  trinitro-toluene  and  calcium  silicide.  The  last  con- 
stituent increases  the  heat  of  explosion  and  renders  the 
mixture  more  sensitive  both  to  detonation  and  to  blows; 
it  plays  the  same  part  as  the  aluminium  powder  in 
Ammonal. 


Ammonium  nitrate 
Trinitro-toluene 
Calcium  silicide 


78 
8 


This  composition  was  modified  by  the  Belgian  Sabulite 
Co.  to  render  it  suitable  for  use  in  coal  mines  :  by  in- 
troducing some  potassium  nitrate  and  ammonium  chloride 
it  was  able  to  pass  the  tests,  and  obtain  a  place  on  the  list  of 
"  explosifs  S.G.P."— 

Sabulite 
antigri- 
souteuse  A. 
Ammonium  nitrate  54 


Potassium  nitrate    . 
Ammonium  chloride 
Trinitro-toluene 
Calcium  silicide 


22 

18 

6 

5 


Sabulite  has  been  used  as  a  military  high  explosive. 

SAFETY  BLASTING  POWDER.     See  GAHUECIT. 

SALIT   or  Wittenberger  Wetterdynamit  is  a  German 
coal-mine  explosive.    The  following  is  an  analysis — 


Ammonium  nitrate 
Nitroglycerine 
Collodion  cotton 
Dinitro-toluene 
Dextrin 
Sodium  chloride 


53-6 

11-8 

0-5 

8'5 

2-5 

23-1 


86 


DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES 


SAMSONITE.— A  coal-mine  explosive  made  by  Nobel's 
Explosives  Co.,  Ltd.  It  was  on  the  old  Permitted  List.  It 
is  now  no  longer  permitted  for  use  in  dangerous  coal  mines 
but  is  still  used  for  general  purposes. 

Nitroglycerine          .  .58*5 


Collodion  cotton 
Potassium  nitrate    . 
Wood  meal     . 
Ammonium  oxalate 


3'5 

18 

6'5 
13-5 


During  the  War  potassium  nitrate  was  replaced  by  sodium 
nitrate,  and  the  nitroglycerine  was  reduced  to  50  per  cent. 

Nos.  2  and  3  have  passed  the  Rotherham  Test  and  are 
on  the  Permitted  List — 

Date  of  Permit  . 

Nitroglycerine  .  . 
Collodion  cotton  . 
Amide  compound  . 
Potassium  perchlorate 
Sodium  nitrate  . 
Borax  .  .  . 
Potassium  chloride  . 
Sodium  chloride  . 
Moisture  ... 

Limit  charge      .... 
Power  (swing  of  ballistic  pendulum) 

SAXONITE  was  the  predecessor  of  Samsonite  on  the 
old  Permitted  List.  It  has  practically  the  same  composition, 
but  wide  limits  are  allowed.  It  also  is  used  for  general 
purposes.  During  the  War  potassium  nitrate  was  replaced  by 
sodium  nitrate. 

Ammon-SCHLESIT  or  Kohlen-SCHLESIT  is  a  German 
coal-mine  explosive  containing  ammonium  nitrate  and  other 
nitrates,  nitro-compounds,  starch,  neutral  salts,  not  more 
than  4  per  cent,  of  blasting  gelatine,  and  not  more  than  2  per 
cent,  of  potassium  perchlorate. 

SGHNEIDERITE  is  a  high  explosive  used  by  the 
French  for  filling  shell.  Its  composition  is  the  same  as  the 
Favier  explosive  NjC. 


No.  2. 

No.  3. 

25-1-19 

25-1-19 

51-5 

51-5 

3 

3 

0-2 

0-3 

11 

— 

— 

10 

23-3 

25-2 

10 

— 

— 

10 

1 

— 

26 

24  oz. 

2-49 

2-42" 

DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES  87 

*SGHULTZE  POWDER  was  the  first  successful  smoke- 
less powder  made.  It  was  invented  by  Capt.  E.  Schultze 
of  the  Prussian  Artillery,  who  appears  at  first  simply  to 
have  impregnated  little  grains  of  wood  with  saltpetre  (Eng. 
Pat.  900  of  1864).  But  later  the  wood  cellulose  was  purified 
and  nitrated,  and  then  mixed  with  nitrates.  The  powder 
has  remained  the  same  as  this  until  the  present  day,  although 
the  methods  of  manufacture  have  been  developed  and, 
indeed,  revolutionised  more  than  once.  In  "Arms  and  Ex- 
plosives," 1917,  p.  75,  the  following  analyses  of  different 
brands  were  given — 

Sawdust.  Schultze.  Imperial.  Cube.    Lightning. 

Date  introduced       .         .     1869           1883  1902  1908  1913 

Charge  for  12-bore,  grns.  .        42              42  33  30  33 

Gela- 

Fibrous.     Fibrous.  Fibrous,  tinised.     Fibrous. 

Nitrocellulose,  insoluble)  ft,            25'0  63'7  62'1  55'0 

soluble    /  °*            40'0  18'9  27*0  27'0 

Metallic  nitrates  .          .     33'0         29'0  8'0  5'0  11'2 

Vaseline                          .     —              4'0  7'6  4'0  5'0 

Moisture                                 2'2           2'0  T8  1'9  1'8 

The  nitrocellulose  in  all  cases  has  been  made  from  wood 
cellulose.    All  the  powders  are  of  the  bulk  type. 

Schultze  powder  is  also  made  in  America  as  a  36-grain 
fibrous  bulk  powder — 

Nitrocellulose,  insoluble  .         .         .         .4*9 
„  soluble       ....     78'5 

Metallic  nitrates 10'5 

Vaseline          ......       3*7 

Moisture         .         .         .         .          .          .2*4 

SEAMEX  is  a  coal-mine  explosive  on  the  Permitted  List 
made  by  Explosives  and  Chemical  Products,  Ltd. — 

Nitroglycerine         .         .         .         .         .10 
Ammonium  nitrate  .         .         .         .58 

Wheat  flour 20 

Sodium  chloride      .         .         .         .         .12 

Limit  charge 36  oz. 

Power  (swing  of  ballistic  pendulum)  .         .       2-54" 


88  DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES 

SEBOMITE  is  a  French  chlorate  explosive  resembling 
Cheddite,  but  containing  tallow  instead  of  castor  oil. 

SEGURITE  was  one  of  the  first  coal-mine  explosives. 
It  contained  ammonium  nitrate  and  dinitro-benzene,  and 
was  therefore  similar  to  Bellite  and  Roburite. 

SEGUROPHORE. — A  Belgian  coal-mine  explosive  con- 
taining nitroglycerine,  nitrates,  flour  and  other  constituents. 

SENGITE  is  a  variety  of  Tonite  introduced  in  South 
Africa  as  a  substitute  for  Gelignite  in  consequence  of  the 
scarcity  of  glycerine  due  to  the  War.  It  contains  guncotton 
and  sodium  nitrate,  and  sufficient  moisture  to  render  it  safe 
to  handle  without  diminishing  its  strength.  The  first  four 
letters  of  its  name  stand  for  substitute  explosive  no  glycerine. 
It  requires  a  priming  cartridge  of  gelignite  or  similar  explosive. 
It  is  more  expensive  than  gelignite,  and  consequently  is  not 
likely  to  be  used  when  the  scarcity  of  glycerine  has  been 
relieved. 

SHELLITE. — A  high  explosive  consisting  of  picric  acid 
and  dinitro -phenol,  used  for  filling  shells.  The  mixture 
possesses  the  advantage  over  straight  picric  acid  that  it 
melts  at  a  lower  temperature.  It  was  for  a  time  called 
Picrol. 

SHEPPEY  POWDER.— A  coal-mine  explosive  made  by 
the  Cotton  Powder  Co.  which  was  on  the  Permitted 
List  for  a  short  time,  but  was  removed  in  1914 — 

Date  of  Permit      ....         25-11-13 

Nitroglycerine         .  .         .         .         .27 

Potassium  nitrate    .  .          .          .          .31 

Wood  meal     .          .  .  .     86 

Ammonium  oxalate  ....       6 

Limit  charge  .          .          .          .          .         .10  oz. 

Power  (swing  of  ballistic  pendulum)  .          .       2*  10" 


DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES  89 

SIEGENIT. — A  German  blasting  explosive  containing 
ammonium  nitrate,  flour,  and  not  more  than  15  per  cent, 
of  dinitro-toluene.  For  use  in  coal  mines,  sodium  chloride 
and  magnesium  sulphate  are  added  as  diluents,  and  nitro- 
glycerine to  increase  the  sensitiveness. 

SILESIA  is  a  German  blasting  explosive  consisting  of 
potassium  chlorate,  the  particles  of  which  are  coated  with 
resin  or  oxidised  resin.  The  latter  is  made  by  treating 
ground  colophony,  mixed  with  10  per  cent,  of  starch,  with 
nitric  acid.  After  washing  and  drying  this  is  incorporated 
with  the  chlorate  with  the  aid  of  alcohol,  in  which  it  is  soluble. 
For  use  in  coal  mines  sodium  chloride  is  sometimes  added. 
The  following  are  examples — 

4.  4a.        IV.  22. 

Potassium  chlorate       .         .     80  80            70 

Resin           .         .         .         .20  16  "\         g 

,,     oxidised     .         .          .     —  4  / 
Sodium  chloride  ...     —                            22 

It  is  practically  the  same  as  Steelite. 

*S.K.,  S.R.,  S.S.,  S.V.  were  partially  gelatinised  fibrous 
smokeless  powders,  introduced  by  the  Smokeless  Powder 
Co.  about  1889.  They  are  no  longer  made.  The 
following  analyses  were  given  in  "  Arms  and  Explosives,"  1917, 
p.  77— 

S.R.  S.S. 


Nitrocellulose,  insoluble 

,,  soluble 

Metallic  nitrates 
Nitro-compound 
Vaseline 
Starch 
Moisture 


45'2  53-0 

25'5  13'0 

18'5  18'0 

lO'O 

4*6 

8-0 

2-8  1-4 


The  nitrocellulose  was  made  from  lignin.  S.S.  was  a 
38-grain  bulk  powder;  S.R.  was  a  fibrous  powder  for  rifles; 
S.K.  a  similar  powder  for  small  rifles,  and  S.V.  for  revolvers. 


90 


DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES 


*SMOKELESS  DIAMOND  is  a  33-grain  bulk  smoke- 
less powder  for  shot-guns,  introduced  in  1903  by  Curtis's 
and  Harvey.  According  to  an  analysis  in  "Arms  and  Ex- 
plosives," 1917,  p.  78,  its  composition  is — 


Nitrocellulose,  insoluble 

,,  soluble 

Metallic  nitrates 
Vaseline 
Charcoal 
Moisture 


69'0 
6-6 

15'0 
2'5 
5'6 
1-3 


*SOLENITE. — A  smokeless  powder  introduced  in  Italy 
in  1896  for  use  in  rifles — 


Nitroglycerine 
Nitrocotton,  soluble 
Mineral  jelly  . 


34 

63 

3 


It  is  gelatinised  with  the  aid  of  acetone,   and  is  made  in 
the  form  of  translucent  short  tubes  of  a  light  brown  colour. 

SPRENGCHLORAT.     See  Hassia-Chlorat. 

SPRENGEL  EXPLOSIVES  were  patented  in  1871  by 
Dr.  Hermann  Sprengel,  F.R.S.,  the  inventor  of  the  mercury 
vacuum  pump.  They  are  made  by  mixing  an  oxidising 
substance  with  a  combustible  one,  the  essential  features 
being  that  one  or  both  of  the  substances  must  be  liquid,  and 
the  mixing  takes  place  shortly  before  the  explosive  is  re- 
quired. The  mixture  is  exploded  by  means  of  a  fulminate 
detonator.  As  oxidising  agents,  Sprengel  mentioned  amongst 
others  nitric  acid  and  potassium  chlorate ;  nitrogen  peroxide 
has  also  been  used ;  as  combustibles,  a  large  number  of  sub- 
stances including  nitro-benzene,  nitro-naphthalene,  carbon 
bisulphide,  petroleum  and  picric  acid.  For  most  purposes 
nitric  acid  is  an  inconvenient  material  to  use.  Porous  cart- 
ridges of  potassium  chlorate  constitute  the  oxidiser  generally 
employed,  the  combustibles  being  hydrocarbon  oils  and 
nitro-benzene.  This  possesses  considerable  advantages,  as 


DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES  91 

there  is  no  danger  of  a  premature  explosion  until  the  con- 
stituents have  been  mixed.  Under  the  British  Explosives 
Act,  however,  this  mixing  constitutes  "  manufacture,"  and 
can  only  be  carried  out  in  a  properly  licensed  factory.  Con- 
sequently Sprengel  explosives  have  not  been  used  in  Great 
Britain,  but  they  have  been  employed  on  a  considerable 
scale  in  the  United  States,  France,  Italy  and  other  countries. 
For  examples  of  Sprengel  explosives  see  Panclastite, 
Promethe*e,  Rack-a-Rock. 

SPRENGGELATINE  is  the  German  for  Blasting 
Gelatine. 

SPRENGSALPETER  is  a  cheap  German  blasting 
powder  made  from  sodium  nitrate,  sulphur  and  brown  coal. 
It  is  used  in  the  potash  mines. 

STABILITE  is  a  name  that  has  been  given  to  trinitro- 
anisole.  It  has  been  tried  as  a  constituent  of  a  smokeless 
powder,  but  it  belies  its  title  as  it  is  readily  hydrolysed  with 
the  formation  of  picric  acid.  It  has  also  been  used  by  the 
Germans  as  a  filling  for  bombs. 

STANFORD  POWDER.— A  coal-mine  explosive  of  the 
Favier  class  which  was  on  the  Permitted  List  for  a  short 
time  in  1913. 

STEELITE  was  practically  the  same  as  Silesia.  Colliery 
Steelite  was  a  coal-mine  explosive  on  the  old  Permitted  List, 
and  made  by  Steelite  Explosives,  Ltd.  It  contained — 

Potassium  chlorate  .         .         .         .74 

Oxidised  resin          .         .         .         .         .25 
Castor  oil        ......       l 

Steelite  is  no  longer  authorised  for  manufacture  or  import 
into  the  United  Kingdom. 

ST.  HELEN'S  POWDER.— -A  coal-mine  explosive  of 


92  DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES 

the  Ammonal  type  made  by  the  Roburite  Explosives   Co., 
which  was  on  the  old  Permitted  List — 

Ammonium  nitrate  .  .  .  .  93 '5 
Aluminium  powder  .  .  .  .2*5 
Trinitro-toluene 4 

STOMONAL  is  a  coal-mine  explosive  made  by  the 
New  Explosives  Co.,  Ltd.  It  was  on  the  old  Permitted 
List.  In  order  to  pass  the  Rotherham  Test  and  obtain 
places  on  the  new  Permitted  List,  No.  1  and  No.  2  have  had 
salts  added  as  cooling  agents — 

No.  1.      No.  2. 
Date  of  Permit 22-6-14      9-5-17 

Nitroglycerine       ....       8  10  10 

Ammonium  nitrate         .         .         .  84*5  56 l  60'5 

Sodium  nitrate      ....  —  6 

Wood  meal 7'5  —  6'5 

Wheat  flour  ....  —  8-5 

Sodium  chloride     .          .          .          .  —  19'5  17 

Ammonium  oxalate        ...  —  6 

Limit  charge          .         .         .         .     —  20  30  oz. 

Power  (swing  of  ballistic  pendulum)      —  2 '08         2 '57* 

STONAX  is  a  low-freezing  Gelignite  containing  a  small 
percentage  of  a  nitro-compound. 

STOW-ITE. — A  coal-mine  explosive  made  by  the  New 
Explosives  Co.,  Ltd.  It  was  on  the  old  Permitted  List — 

Nitroglycerine          .          .          .          .         .59 
Collodion  cotton      .          .          .          .          .4*7 
Potassium  nitrate    .          .          .          .          .18*8 

Wood  meal 6 

Ammonium  oxalate          .         .          .          .12 

*STOWMARKET  SMOKELESS  is  a  33-grain  bulk 
powder  for  shot-guns  made  by  the  New  Explosives  Co.  It  is 
a  comparatively  inexpensive  powder. 

SUNDERITE  was  a  coal-mine  explosive  made  by  Nobel's 
Explosives  Co.,  Ltd.,  at  one  time  on  the  Permitted  List — 

1  Including  not  more  than  2  per  cent,  magnesium  carbonate. 


DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES 


93 


Date  of  Permit 
Nitroglycerine 
Ammonium  nitrate 
Potassium  perchlorate 
Wood  meal     . 
Ammonium  oxalate 


26-11-13 
9 

53*2 
9 
8'8 

20 


16  oz. 
2'66" 


Limit  charge  .... 
Power  (swing  of  ballistic  pendulum) 

SUPER-CLIFFITE.     See  CLIFFITE. 
SUPER-CURTISITE.     See  CURTISITE. 
SUPER-EXCELLITE.     See  EXGELLITE. 

SUPERITE. — A  coal-mine  explosive  which  was  made  by 
the  Carbonite  Company  in  Germany,  and  formerly  on  the 
Permitted  List — 

Date  of  Permit       ....  1-9-13 

Nitroglycerine  .....  4 
Ammonium  nitrate  .  .  .  .82 
Potassium  nitrate  .  .  .  .  .10 
Starch .4 

Limit  charge  .         .          .         .          .     10  oz. 

Power  (swing  of  ballistic  pendulum)  .          .       2*53" 

The  Permit  was  repealed  on  21-11-16. 
SUPER-KOLAX.  See  KOLAX. 
SUPER-RIPPITE.  See  RIPPITE. 

SWALE  POWDER  was  a  coal-mine  explosive  on  the 
Permitted  List  made  by  the  Cotton  Powder  Co.,  Ltd. — 

Date  of  Permit      .  .  10-2-14 


Nitroglycerine 
Collodion  cotton 
Trinitro-toluene 
Potassium  perchlorate 
Wood  meal     . 
Ammonium  oxalate 


Limit  charge  .... 
Power  (swing  of  ballistic  pendulum) 

The  permit  has  been  repealed. 


19 
1 

4 

88 
10 
28 

20  oz. 
2-50" 


94 


DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES 


SWALITE. — A  coal-mine  explosive  made  by  the  Cotton 
Powder  Co.,  Ltd.     It  was  on  the  old  Permitted  List — 


Nitroglycerine 
Collodion  cotton 
Potassium  nitrate    . 
Wood  meal     . 
Ammonium  oxalate 


59-5 

4 
17 

6 
13'5 


SYNDITE. — A  coal-mine  explosive  formerly  on  the 
Permitted  List.  It  was  made  by  the  Carbonite  Syndicate  in 
Germany — 


Nitroglycerine 
Collodion  cotton 
Ammonium  nitrate 
Sodium  nitrate 
Glycerine 
Starch   . 
Sodium  chloride 

Limit  charge  .... 
Power  (swing  of  ballistic  pendulum) 

The  permit  was  repealed  on  21-9-16. 


11 
0-2 

46'3 
8 

3-5 
4 

27 

over  40  oz. 
2-22" 


*Poudre  T  is  a  condensed  smokeless  shot-gun  powder 
manufactured  by  the  French  Government.  It  is  made  from 
guncotton,  CP1}  to  which  2  per  cent,  of  saltpetre  is  added, 
gelatinised  with  acetone.  The  dough  is  pressed  into  strips 
which  are  rolled  down  to  a  thickness  of  0*15  mm.  and  cut 
into  small  squares  of  1*5  mm.  side.  The  powder  is  then 
steeped  in  water  to  dissolve  out  the  greater  part  of  the 
potassium  nitrate,  dried,  and  finally  drummed  with  a  little 
gum  and  graphite  to  make  it  more  progressive.  This  powder 
is  superior  to  the  other  French  sporting-powders,  but  is  more 
expensive.  The  charge  for  a  16-bore  cartridge  is  1*9  grammes. 

TELSIT  A  is  a  blasting  explosive  made  at  the  Nobel 
Works  in  Switzerland.  It  consists  of  ammonium  nitrate, 
nitrated  toluene  and  aluminium  powder. 

Gelatine-Telsit    contains    ammonium    nitrate,    blasting 


DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES  95 

gelatine   and   liquid   trinitrotoluene,   also   gelatinised   with 
collodion  cotton. 

Special-Gelatine-Telsit  differs  from  this  in  having  part  of 
the  ammonium  nitrate  replaced  by  sodium  nitrate. 

TERRIT  is  a  plastic  blasting  explosive  made  in  Sweden, 
and  consisting  of  ammonium  perchlorate,  sodium  nitrate  and 
liquid  dinitro-toluene,  gelatinised  with  collodion  cotton — 

Ammonium  perchlorate  .  .  .  .43 

Sodium  nitrate        .  .  .  .  .28 

Dinitro-toluene  (liquid)  .  .  .  .27*8 

Collodion  cotton      .  .  .  .  .1*2 

It  is  difficult  to  detonate. 

TETRYL  is  the  name  usually  given  to  tetranitro-methyl- 
aniline,  the  strictly  scientific  designation  of  which  is  trinitro- 
phenyl-methyl-nitramine — 

CH3         NO2 

V 

/\ 


NO 


NO 


It  is  used  extensively  as  an  intermediate  detonating  agent 
for  high -explosive  shell,  as  it  is  somewhat  more  sensitive  than 
most  of  the  explosives  used,  and  can  consequently  be  detonated 
by  a  small  charge  of  fulminate.  It  is  also  called  C.  E. 

Grisou-TETRILITE.     See  Favier  Powder. 

TEUTONIT  is  a  German  Favier  explosive  containing 
not  less  than  70  per  cent,  of  ammonium  nitrate,  not  more 
than  5  per  cent,  of  flour  or  potato  meal,  and  not  more  than 
15  per  cent,  of  aromatic  nitro-  and  dinitro-compounds.  It 
may  also  contain  neutral  salts. 

TEUTONITE  was  a  name  given  occasionally  to  White 
Gunpowder  (q.  v.). 


96 


DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES 


THAMES  POWDER  is  a  coal-mine  explosive  on  the 
Permitted  List  made  by  the  British  Explosives  Syndicate, 
Ltd.— 

No.  2. 
Date  of  Permit       ....    22-6-14     28-1-15 

Nitroglycerine  6*5  10 

Ammonium  nitrate  55  59 l 

Potassium  nitrate  10  — 

Wood  meal       .  4*5  10 

Starch     .  5 

Ammonium  oxalate  19 

Sodium  chloride  —  21 


Limit  charge    .... 
Power  (swing  of  ballistic  pendulum) 


32 

2'78 


22 

2'59" 


THERMIT  is  not  an  explosive,  although  in  some  respects 
it  resembles  one.  It  generally  consists  of  a  mixture  of 
about  three  parts  oxide  of  iron  with  one  part  of  aluminium 
powder,  but  other  oxides  and  other  metals  are  sometimes 
used.  When  initiated  by  strong  heat  in  one  place  a  reaction 
sets  in  with  -great  evolution  of  heat  and  the  formation  of  a 
white-hot  mass  of  molten  iron  and  slag.  It  differs  from  an 
explosive  in  that  no  gas  is  formed  and  the  reaction  is 
comparatively  slow.  It  is  used  for  filling  incendiary  bombs 
and  for  many  industrial  purposes. 

THORNIT. — A  German  blasting  explosive  consisting  of 
ammonium  nitrate  and  vegetable  meal.  It  may  also  contain 
animal  or  vegetable  fats. 

TITANITE. — A  coal-mine  explosive  manufactured  in 
Hungary.  A  variety  of  it  was  on  the  old  British  Permitted 
List—  " 

Ammonium  nitrate  .         .         .         .     87 

Trinitro-toluene       .....       7 
Curcuma  charcoal   .....       6 

Other   varieties   containing   a   smaller   percentage   of   am- 
monium nitrate  have  been  used  for  general  blasting. 

1  Including  not  more  than  2  per  cent,  of  magnesium  carbonate. 


DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES  97 

T.N.T.  stands  for  trinitro-toluene  or  trotyl. 
TOLITE  stands  for  trinitro-toluene. 

TONITE,  or  Cotton  Powder,  is  a  blasting  explosive 
which  was  much  used  at  one  time.  It  consists  of  gun- 
cotton  mixed  with  a  nitrate  and  compressed  into  blocks  or 
cylinders,  but  a  small  percentage  of  a  nitro-compound  has 
sometimes  been  added.  A  Belgian  Tonite  had  the  com- 
position— 

Guncotton      .          .         .          .          .         .53*0 

Barium  nitrate         .          .          .          .          .37*6 

Sodium  nitrate        .         .          .          .         .9*4 

That  made  by  the  Cotton  Powder  Co.  consists  of — 

Guncotton      .          .          .          .          .          .50 

Barium  nitrate        .         .         .         .         .50 

TOXOL  is  a  high  explosive,  a  mixture  of  trinitro-xylene 
and  trinitro-toluene. 

TREMONIT  is  a  German  coal-mine  explosive  containing 
gelatinised  dinitro-glycerine,  e.  g. — 

Tremonit  S  II. 


Dinitro-glycerine 
Collodion  cotton 
Trinitro-toluene 
Ammonium  nitrate 
Pea  flour 
Sodium  chloride 


33 

1 

2'5 
26'5 
12 
25 


Ammon-Tremonit    or    Gesteins-Tremonit    contains    a   con- 
siderable proportion  of  ammonium  nitrate. 

Gesteins-Tremonit  V.  contains  also  up  to  10  per  cent,  of 
potassium  perchlorate,  and  is  similar  to  Astralit  V. 

TRINOL. — A  name  for  trinitro-toluene. 

TRIPLASTIT  was  a  plastic  high  explosive  obtained 
by  gelatinising   a  liquid   or  semi-liquid  mixture  of  nitro- 


98  DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES 

toluenes  with  collodion  cotton  and  mixing  it  with  lead 
nitrates,  e.  g. — 

Nitro-toluenes          .         .         .         .         .70 
Collodion  cotton      .          .         .         .         .1*2 
Lead  nitrate 28 '8 

It  was  intended  for  filling  shell,  etc. 

*TROISDORF  SMOKELESS  POWDER  became  pro- 
minent in  England  in  1897  in  connection  with  Mannlicher 
cartridges  for  the  Bisley  long-range  competitions.  It  was 
occasionally  recorded  as  Pigou  Wilkes  Powder,  as  that  firm 
were  agents  for  it.  The  following  are  analyses  of  samples 
taken  in  1898  ("  Arms  and  Explosives,"  1917,  p.  90)— 

Shot-gun        Rifle 
Powder.         Powder. 

Nitrocellulose,  insoluble         .         .  24*9  T5 

„             soluble  .          .          .  61'7  96'5 

Starch,  agar  and  dye    .         .         .  11 '5 

Moisture 1'9  2'0 

The  shot-gun  powder  was  a  fibrous  bulk  powder,  and  the 
charge  for  a  12-bore  cartridge  was  33  grains.  The  rifle 
powder  was  gelatinised. 

TROJAN  GOAL  POWDER  is  an  American  coal-mine 
explosive  on  the  Permissible  List.  It  contains  nitro-starch. 

TROTYL  is  a  name  for  trinitro-toluene. 

TUNNELIT  is  a  German  safety  explosive  containing 
ammonium  nitrate,  sodium  nitrate,  not  more  than  10  per 
cent,  of  trinitro-toluene  (or  not  more  than  6  per  cent,  together 
with  not  more  than  2  per  cent,  of  neutral  liquid  trinitro- 
toluene), not  more  than  20  per  cent,  of  dinitro-chlorhydrin, 
not  more  than  5  per  cent,  of  nitroglycerine,  not  more  than 
1  per  cent,  of  collodion  cotton,  and  carbohydrates. 

TUNNELITE  is  an  American  coal-mine  explosive  on 
the  Permissible  List.  Brands  AA,  B  and  C  are  ammonium 


DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES 


99 


nitrate  explosives,  whereas  numbers  8  to  8,  6LF  and  8LF 
are  nitroglycerine  explosives. 

TURPINITE.     See  PANGLASTITE. 

TUTOL. — A  coal-mine  explosive  made  by  the  West- 
phalia Anhalt  Explosives  Co.  in  Germany.  It  was  on 
the  old  Permitted  List.  A  variation  of  it,  No.  2,  was  for  a 
time  on  the  new  List,  but  it  was  repealed  in  Nov.  1916. 


No.  2. 


25 

25 

33 

— 

2 

— 

— 

29 

39'8 

36-3 

— 

9'5 

0'2 

0'2 

— 

22  o 
2'1 

Nitroglycerine 
Potassium  nitrate 
Barium  nitrate 
Sodium  nitrate 
Wood  meal     . 
Sodium  chloride 
Sodium  bicarbonate 


Limit  charge  .... 
Power  (swing  of  ballistic  pendulum) 


UPLEES  POWDER.— A  coal-mine  explosive  of  the 
Grisounite  type  made  by  the  Cotton  Powder  Co.  It 
was  for  a  time  on  the  Permitted  List  but  was  repealed 
in  1914. 

VELOX  GELATINE.— A  blasting  explosive  for  hard 
rock  made  by  the  British  South  African  Explosives  Co. 
It  contains  less  nitroglycerine  than  blasting  gelatine,  and  is 
intended  to  husband  stocks  of  glycerine  ("  Arms  and  Explo- 
sives," 1916,  p.  81). 

Gelatine  VENDER  is  a  Swiss  explosive  consisting  of 
dinitro-acetin  gelatinised  with  a  little  collodion  cotton  and 
mixed  with  ammonium  nitrate. 

VICTOR  POWDER  was  a  coal-mine  explosive  made  by 
Nobel's  Explosives  Co.  There  were  two  varieties  at  one  time 
on  the  Permitted  List — 


100  DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES 

No.  2. 
Date  of  Permit        ....   13-5-14       16-1-15 

Ammonium  nitrate   ....     68  67 
Potassium  chloride    .          .          .          .14*5 

Sodium  chloride        .         .         .         .     —  15 

Nitroglycerine            .          .          .                 8f5  9 

Wood  meal       .....       9  9 

Limit  charge    .          .          .          .         .18  16 

Power  (swing  of  ballistic  pendulum)    .       2 '96"         2-63" 

VIGTORITE.— A  coal-mine  explosive  of  the  Carbonite 
type  made  by  Nobel's  Explosives  Co.  It  was  on  the  old 
Permitted  List. 

VIEILLE  POWDER.    See  Poudre  B. 
VIGORIT.     See  MONAGHIT. 

VIGORITE  is  a  name  that  has  been  given  to  several 
explosives  in  the  past.  One  of  these,  manufactured  in 
California  in  the  'seventies  of  the  last  century,  contained 
potassium  chlorate  and  nitroglycerine,  and  consequently  was 
decidedly  dangerous.  It  gave  rise  to  a  serious  accident  on 
the  Grand  Trunk  Railway. 

The  Atlas  Powder  Co.  in  America  manufacture  a 
series  of  coal-mine  explosives  under  this  name.  They  are 
nitroglycerine  explosives. 

VIKING  POWDER  is  a  coal-mine  explosive  made  by 
Nobel's  Explosives  Co.  There  are  two  varieties  on 
the  Permitted  List — 

No.  1.  No.  2. 

Date  of  Permit      ....   15-1-15       15-1-16 

Ammonium  nitrate  ...     59  67 

Nitroglycerine          .          .          .          .10  8*5 

Wood  meal 10  8'5 

Sodium  chloride      .          .          .          .20  15 
Magnesium  carbonate       ...       1  1 

Limit  charge  .          .          .          .          .26  18  oz. 

Power  (swing  of  ballistic  pendulum)  .       2'44"        2-59" 

This  explosive  is  used  extensively. 


DICTIONARY  OF   EXPLOSIVES  101 

VIRITE. — A  coal-mine  explosive  made  by  the  Nitrate 
Explosives     Co.      which     was     on     the     old      Permitted 
List- 
Ammonium  nitrate  .         .          .          .88 
Potassium  nitrate    .          .         .         .         .85*5 
Sulphur           ......       4*5 

Charcoal 11-5 

Ammonium  oxalate          ....     10'5 

There  have  been  other  explosives  of  the  same  name. 

VULCAN  POWDER  is  a  brand  of  American  dynamite. 
W.A.     See  Lafflin  and  Rand. 

WALLONITE. — A  Belgian  blasting  and  coal-mine  Ex- 
plosive— 

II.       in. 

Ammonium  nitrate  .  .  .  90  70  70 
Sodium  nitrate  .  .  .  .  —  20  25 
Nitrated  resin  ....  10  10  5 

Charge  limite     .         .         .         .     50       125       600  g. 

*WALSRODE  SHOT-GUN  POWDER  was  a  gelatin- 
ised 28-grain  dense  powder,  which  the  German  makers 
endeavoured  to  introduce  into  England  in  the  'nineties,  but 
it  gave  high  pressures.  A  powder  of  this  name  is  still  used 
in  Germany,  however,  but  it  is  a  85-grain  powder  in  the 
form  of  small  grains,  greyish  white  and  greyish  green  in 
colour. 

WALSRODE  SICHERHEITS-SPRENGSTOFF  is  a 

German  coal-mine  explosive  containing  ammonium  nitrate, 
trinitro-toluene,  flour,  and  a  little  guncotton  and  sometimes 
sodium  chloride. 

Wetter- Walsrode  is  also  an  ammonium  nitrate  explosive. 
It  contains  no  guncotton  but  may  contain  potassium 
nitrate,  sodium  chloride,  naphthalene,  and  various  other 
substances. 


102  DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES 

WESTFALITE  is  a  coal-mine  explosive  which  is  made 
in  Germany  and  England.  The  German  explosives  vary 
much  in  composition,  and  some  of  them  are  intended  for 
ordinary  blasting.  Some  of  those  recently  introduced  con- 
tain up  to  10  per  cent,  of  potassium  perchlorate.  Originally 
Westfalite  was  made  by  milling  ammonium  nitrate  with  an 
alcoholic  solution  of  gum  lac,  but  later  the  use  of  the  gum 
was  abandoned. 

British  Westfalite,  Ltd.,  had  two  mixtures  on  the  old 
Permitted  List — 

No.  1.  No.  2. 

Ammonium  nitrate  ....     95  91 

Potassium  nitrate     ....     —  4 

Resin      ......       5  5 

That  formerly  on  the  Permitted  List  differed  considerably 
from  the  above — 

Weatfalite  No.  3. 
Date  of  Permit       ...  .   1-9-13 

Ammonium  nitrate  60 


Potassium  nitrate   . 
Trinitro-toluene 
Ammonium  chloride 

Limit  charge  .... 
Power  (swing  of  ballistic  pendulum) 


14 

5 

21 

12  oz. 
2-55" 


WETTERDYNAMIT  is  a  name  that  has  been  given  in 
Germany  to  various  coal-mine  explosives  containing  nitro- 
glycerine. 

WETTER-DYNAMMON.     See  DYNAMMON. 

*WETTEREN. — A  gelatinised  rifle  smokeless  powder 
made  by  the  Cooppal  Co.  of  Belgium.  The  following 
analyses  were  given  in  "Arms  and  Explosives,"  1917, 
p.  91— 


DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES  103 

Date  of  Sample          .  .  .1892  1893 

Nitrocellulose,  insoluble  .     16'0  57 '3 


Nitroglycerine 
Shellac 
Charcoal 
Moisture 


soluble 


46-2  37-6 

27'3 

—  3'5 

9-0 

1-5  1'6 


WHITE  GUNPOWDER  is  a  mixture  of— 

Potassium  chlorate  .  .  .  .50 
Potassium  ferrocyanide  .  .  .  .25 
Sugar 25 

It  is  not  produced  commercially,  and,  indeed,  is  too  sensitive, 
but  it  is  sometimes  made  in  the  laboratory.  It  has  also  been 
called  Angendre's  powder,  White  German  powder,  American 
powder,  and  Baron  and  Cau vet's  powder. 

WILHELMIT  is  a  German  blasting  explosive  of  the 
Cheddite  type.    It  consists  of  sodium  or  potassium  chlorate 
hydrocarbon  oil  with  a  flash  point  not  below  30°  C.,  and 
carbohydrates.    For  use  in   coal   mines   neutral   salts   are 
added.    It  was  introduced  during  the  War. 

WITHNELL  POWDER.— A  coal-mine  explosive  of  the 
Grisounite  type  made  by  the  Lancashire  Explosives  Co., 
which  was  on  the  old  Permitted  List — 

Ammonium  nitrate  ....     89*5 

Trinitro -toluene 5 

Flour 5-5 

WITTENBERGER  WETTERDYNAMIT.  See  SALIT. 

XPDITE  is  an  American  coal-mine  explosive  on  the 
Permissible  List.  It  is  made  by  the  Hercules  Powder 
Co.,  and  contains  nitroglycerine. 

YONGKITE. — A  Belgian  ammonium  perchlorate  ex- 
plosive. The  composition  has  been  varied  somewhat,  and 


104 


DICTIONARY  OF  EXPLOSIVES 


one  formula,  No.  10,  is  on  the  list  of  Explosifs  S.G.P.,  and 
consequently  is  permitted  for  use  in  Belgian  coal  mines. 
No.  1  is  a  more  powerful  explosive  used  for  general  blasting. 


Ammonium  perchlorate 
Ammonium  nitrate 
Sodium  nitrate 
Barium  nitrate 
Trinitro-toluene 
Sodium  chloride 

Charge  limite   . 
ZELTIT.    See  Celtite. 


No.  10. 
25 
30 
15 

10 
20 

.  900  g. 


I. 
20 
27 
27 

6 
20 


INDEX  OF  CONSTITUENTS 

ACID,  Nitric. 
Hellhofite. 
Sprengel  Explosives, 

Acid,  Picric.    See  Picric  Acid. 

Agar. 

Amasite, 

Troisdorf  Smokeless  Powder. 

Albumen. 
Plessit, 

Alcohol,  Amyl. 
B, 

Alum,  Chromium  Ammonium. 
Chromamonit, 

Aluminium, 
Alsilite, 
Alumatol. 
Ammonal. 
Donarit  A, 
Echo. 
Lignosit, 
Perrumpit. 
St.  Helen's  Powder, 
Telsit, 
Thermit. 

Ammonium  Nitrate,  Chloride,  etc.    See  Nitrate,  Chloride,  etc. 

Ammonium  Nitrocresol-sulphonate. 
Raschit. 

105 


106  INDEX  OF  CONSTITUENTS 

Amyl  Alcohol. 
B. 

Aniline. 
Filite. 

Aniline  Hydrochloride. 
Progressit. 

Antimony  Sulphide. 

Flobert  Ammunition, 

Aromatic  Nitro-compounds.    See  Nitro-compounds. 


Barium  Nitrate,  etc.    See  Nitrate,  etc. 

Bark. 

Cahuecit. 

Bauxite. 

Lignosit. 

Bicarbonate,  Sodium. 
C.  S.  P. 
Tutol. 

Bichromate,  Ammonium. 
J. 

Bichromate,  Potassium. 
Ammonal. 
Dahmenite. 
J. 
Petroklastit. 

Bisulphide,  Carbon. 
Panclastite. 
Sprengel  Explosives. 

Borax, 

Haylite, 
Rippite. 
Samsonite. 

Bran. 

Forcite. 


INDEX  OF  CONSTITUENTS  107 


Briquette  Powder. 
Loewenpulver. 


Calcium  Silicide 
Sabulite. 

Camphor, 

E.  C.  Powder. 

Herculite. 

M. 

Rottweil  Smokeless  Powder. 

Carbohydrates.    See    also    Cellulose,    Flour,    Starch,    Vegetable 

Meal,  Wood  Meal. 
Albit. 
Alkalsit. 
Chloratzite. 
Foerdit. 
Gesilit. 
Tunnelit. 
Wilhelmit. 

Carbon  Bisulphide. 
Panclastite. 
Sprengel  Explosives. 

Carbonaceous  Substances. 
Nobelit, 

Carbonate,  Calcium. 
Blasting  Gelatine. 
Cambrite. 
Carbonite. 
Clydite. 
Dynamite. 
Gelatine  Dynamite. 
Gelignite. 
Kynite. 
Pit-ite. 
Russelite. 


108  INDEX  OF  CONSTITUENTS 

Carbonate,  Magnesium,     See  also  Magnesite. 
Blasting  Gelatine. 
Dynobel. 

Gelatine  Dynamite. 
Monobel. 
Oaklite. 
Stomonal, 
Thames  Powder. 
Viking  Powder. 

Carbonate,  Sodium. 
Britonite, 
Carbonite, 
Clydite. 

Forcite  Antigrisouteuse. 
Lignosit, 
Minite, 
Pit-ite, 
Rhexit. 

Cellulose, 
Antigel. 
Colinit, 
Flammivore. 
Grisoutite, 

Cellulose  Residue. 
Raschit. 

Chalk,  French. 
Nitro-Densite. 

Charcoal, 

Amide  Powder. 

Ammonal. 

Ammoniakkrut. 

Ammonpulver. 

Neu  Anagon. 

Aphosite, 

Astralit. 

Bavarit. 

Black  Powder. 


INDEX  OF  CONSTITUENTS  109 


Charcoal  (continued) — 
Bobbinite. 
Bomlit. 
Cannonite. 
Denaby  Powder. 
Detonit. 
Dragonite. 
Fulmenit. 
Hebler  Powder. 
Lithofracteur. 
M.B.  Powder. 
Monachit. 
Normanite. 
Perchlorit. 
Praeposit. 
Pulverin. 
Rhenanit. 

Smokeless  Diamond. 
Virite. 
Wetteren. 

Charcoal,  Cork. 

Carbo-Dynamite. 
Oxyliquit. 

Charcoal,  Curcuma. 
Titanite. 

Charcoal,  Red. 
Dynammon. 

Charcoal,  Straw. 
Cocoa  Powder. 

Chlorate,  Potassium. 
Albit. 
Alkalsit. 
Barbarit. 
Cheddite. 
Chloratzite. 
Flobert  Ammunition. 
Hassia-Chlorat. 


110  INDEX  OF  CONSTITUENTS 

Chlorate,  Potassium  (continued) — 
Himalayite. 
Kinetit. 
Kiwit. 
Koronit. 
L.  C.  Pulver. 
Mercurit. 
Miedziankit. 
Mitchellite. 
Naphthalit. 
O. 

Petrolit. 
Pierrite. 
Plessit. 
Promethee. 
Rack-a-Rock. 
Rivalit  (Chlorat-). 
Sebomite. 
Silesia. 

Sprengel  Explosives. 
Steelite. 
Vigorite. 

White  Gunpowder. 
Wilhelmit. 

Chlorate,  Sodium. 
Albit. 
Alkalsit. 
Cheddite. 
Kiwit. 
Koronit. 
O. 
Wilhelmit. 

Chloride,  Ammonium. 
Anchorite. 
Cornil. 

Curtisite  (Super-). 
Denaby  Powder. 
Densite, 


INDEX  OF  CONSTITUENTS  ill 


Chloride,  Ammonium  (continued) — 
Dreadnought  Powder. 
Essex  Powder. 
Excellite  (Super-). 
Expedite. 

Faversham  Powder. 
Favier  Explosive. 
Fortex  (New). 
Fractorite. 
Fumyl. 
Kentite. 
Mersey  Powder. 
Romperit. 
Sabulite. 
Westfalite. 

Chloride,  Potassium. 
Ammonite. 
Astralit. 
Cambrite. 

Carbonite  (Ammon-). 
Dahmenite. 
Dominite. 

Dynamit  (Gallerte-). 
Elsagit. 
Foerdit. 

Gehlingerit  (Wetter-). 
Monachit. 
Monobel. 
Naphthalit. 
Nationalite. 
Nobelit. 
Pannonit. 
Rippite. 
Samsonite. 
Victor  Powder. 

Chloride,  Sodium. 
Abbcite. 
Abelite. 


112  INDEX  OF  CONSTITUENTS 

Chloride,  Sodium  (continued) — 
Alsilite. 
Ammonite. 
Astralit. 
Bellite. 
Britonite. 

Carbonite  (Ammon-). 
Cliffite  (Super-). 
Cosilit. 
Dahmenite. 
Donarit  (Wetter-). 
Dorfit. 

Dreadnought  Powder. 
Du  Pont  Permissible. 
Dynobel. 
Elsagit. 

Excellite  (Super-). 
Favier  Explosives. 
Foerdit. 
Fulmenit. 

Gehlingerit  (Wetter-). 
Gesilit. 
Glueckauf. 
Haylite. 
Kiwit. 
Koronit 
Leonit. 
Lignosit. 
Miedziankit. 
Monarkite. 
Monobel. 
Naphthalit. 
Nationalite. 
Negro  Powder. 
Nobelit. 
Orkanit. 
Pannonit. 
Permon  Powder. 
Perrumpit. 


INDEX  OF  CONSTITUENTS  113 


Chloride,  Sodium  (continued) — 
Pfazit. 
Plessit. 
Pulve~rite. 
Rex  Powder. 
Rhenanit. 
Roburite. 
Romperit. 
Salit. 

Samsonite. 
Seamex. 
Siegenit. 
Silesia. 
Stomonal. 
Syndite. 

Thames  Powder. 
Tremonit. 
Tutol. 

Victor  Powder. 
Viking  Powder. 

Walsrode  Sicherheits-Sprengstoff. 
Yonckite. 

Chlor-Naphthalenes. 
Am  vis. 
Roburite. 

Chromate,  Lead. 
Cornil. 
Halakite. 

Chromium  Ammonium  Alum. 
Chromamonit. 

Coal. 

Alkalsit. 
Ammoniakkrut. 
Carbonite  (Ammon-). 
Judson  Powder. 
Koronit. 

Lithofracteur. 
8 


114  INDEX  OF  CONSTITUENTS 

Coal  (continued) — 
Loewenpulver. 
Sprengsalpeter. 

Coke. 

Dahmenit. 

Collodion  Cotton.    See  Nitro-cotton. 

Copper  Nitrate  Ammonia. 
Glueekauf, 

Copper  Nitrate  Aniline. 
Anilit. 

Copper  Sulphate  Aniline. 

Anilit, 

"^ 

Cork  Charcoal.    See  Charcoal. 

Cresylate,  Ammonium. 
C. 
Ecrasite. 

Curcuma  Meal. 
Dahmenit. 

Curcuma  Charcoal. 
Titanite. 

Dextrin. 

Dynamit  (Sicherheits-). 

Flammivore. 

Foerdit. 

Gesilit. 

Pannonit. 

Salit. 

Dimethyl-diphenyl-urea. 
Centralite. 

Dinitro-acetin. 
Vender. 


INDEX  OF  CONSTITUENTS  115 


Dinitro-benzene. 
Abelite. 
Amvis. 
Bellite. 
Cannonite. 
Dahmenit. 
Denaby  Powder. 
Dynobel. 
Gathurst  Powder. 
Glueckauf. 
Good  Luck. 
Granatfuellung. 
Hellhofite. 
Odite. 
Roburite. 
Securite. 

Dinitro-chlorhydrin. 
Astralit. 
Donarit. 
Helit. 
Perilit. 
Prosperit. 
Tunnelit. 

Dinitro-glycerine. 
Dahmenite. 
Tremonit. 

Dinitro-glycol. 
Gelignite. 

Dinitro-naphthalene. 
Ammonite. 
Astralit. 
Cornil. 

Favier  Explosives. 
Fractorite, 
Kiwit. 
Minolite. 
Schneiderite. 


116  INDEX  OF  CONSTITUENTS 

Dinitrophenol. 
Shellite. 

Dinitro-toluene. 
Abbcite. 
Ajax  Powder. 
Antigel. 
Astralit. 
Blastine. 
Cheddite. 
Densite. 
Dominit. 
Dynobel. 
Erin  Gelignite. 
Excellite. 
Flammivore. 
Gelignite. 
Gesilit. 
Halalite. 
Kiwit. 
Kynarkite 
Leonit. 
Nationalite. 
Neonal. 
Perdit. 
Salit. 
Siegenit. 

Diphenylamine. 
B. 

Filite. 

Foerdit  (Ammon-). 
N.  C.  T. 
Rottweil  Smokeless  Powder. 

Fat.    See  also  Tallow. 
Aerolit. 
Thornit. 

Fat,  Vegetable. 
Thornit. 


INDEX  OF  CONSTITUENTS  117 


Fatty  Acid  Salt. 

Dynamit  (Wettersicheres-). 

Ferrocyanide,  Potassium. 
Cannonite. 
White  Gunpowder. 

Ferro-Silicon. 
Echo. 

Ferro-Silicon- Aluminium. 
Alsilite. 

Flour.     See  also  Meal. 
Alkalsit. 

Carbonite  (Ammon-). 
Colinit. 
Dorfit. 

Dynamit  (Wettersicheres-). 
Foerdit. 
Fractorite. 
Gehlingerit. 
Helagon. 
Helit. 
Minite. 
Monachit. 
Naphthalit. 
Perilit. 
Pulverite. 
Roburite. 
Romperit. 
Securophore. 
Siegenit. 
Teutonit. 

Walsrode  Sicherheits-Sf. 
Withnell  Powder. 

Flour,  Pea, 
Gesilit. 

Flour,  Roasted. 
Aetna  Powder. 


118  INDEX  OF  CONSTITUENTS 

Flour,  Rye. 
Donarit. 
Flammivore. 
Forcite  Antigrisouteuse. 
Tremonit. 

Flour,  Wheat. 

Essex  Powder. 
Ligdyn. 
Seamex. 
Stomonal. 

French  Chalk. 
Nitro-Densite. 

Fulminate,  Mercury. 

Flobert  Ammunition. 


Gelatine. 

Dynamit  (Wettersicheres- 

Glycerine. 
Dominit. 

Dynamit  (Sicherheits-). 
Foerdit. 
Halakite. 
Pannonit, 
Permon  Powder. 
Plastammon. 
Romperit. 
Syndite. 

Graphite. 

Negro  Powder. 
Nitrokol. 
Perrumpit. 
T. 

Gum. 

Dorfit  (Per-). 
T. 


INDEX  OF  CONSTITUENTS  119 

Gum  Lac. 

Westfalite. 

Guncotton. 
Axite. 
Bomlit. 
Cordite. 
C.  P. 
C.  S.  P. 
Fulmenit. 
Indurite. 
Kiwit. 

Lafflin  and  Rand. 
S, 

Sengite. 
T. 

Tonite. 
Walsrode  Sicherheits-Sprengstoff. 

Hexanitro-diphenylamine. 
Hexanitro-diphenyl  Sulphide. 
Granatfuellung. 

Hipposin. 
Praeposit. 

Hydrocarbons.    See  also  Mineral  Jelly,  Vaseline,  Naphthalene, 

Oils,  Paraffin  Wax  and  Turpentine. 
Alkalsit. 
Astralit. 
Bomlit. 

Dynamit  ( Wetter sicheres-). 
Koronit. 
Naphthalit. 
Persalit. 
Prom6thee. 
Rack-a-Rock. 
Rexol. 

Sprengel  Explosives 
Wilhelmit. 


120  INDEX   OF  CONSTITUENTS 

Inert    Substances.      See    also    Chlorides,    Neutral    Substances, 

Oxalates,  etc. 
Koronit. 

Iron  Oxide. 

Rack-a-Rock. 
Thermit. 

Ivory,  Vegetable. 
Meganit. 

Kerosine.    See  Oil,  Kerosine. 

Kieselguhr. 
Dynamite. 
Giant  Powder. 
Lithofracteur. 
Oxyliquit. 

Lac.    See  Gum  Lac,  Shellac. 

Lampblack. 
Cahuecit. 
Cannonite. 

Lead  Nitrate,  Chromate.    See  Nitrate,  Chromate. 

Magnesia. 
Forcite. 

Magnesite. 
Romperit. 

Magnesium. 
Ophorite. 

Magnesium  Carbonate.    See  Carbonate. 
Manganese  Dioxide.    See  Oxide. 

Meal,  Curcuma. 
Dahmenite. 

Meal,  Potato. 
Astralit. 
Helagon. 


INDEX  OF  CONSTITUENTS  121 

Meal,  Potato  (continued) — 
Helit. 

Permon  Powder. 
Romperit. 
Teutonit. 

Meal,  Sago. 
Aerolit. 

Meal,  Vegetable.    See  also  Flour,  Starch,  Wood  Meal,  etc. 
Albit. 
Astralit. 

Cahuecit  (Ammon-). 
Cosilit. 
Dahmenite. 
Detonit. 
Dominit, 
Donarit. 
Dorfit. 

Dynamit  (Sicherheits-). 
Elsagit. 

Foerder  Sicherheits-Sprengstoff, 
Foerdit. 
Fulmenit. 
Glueckauf. 
Halalite. 
Hammonit. 
Kiwit. 
Koronit. 
Leonit. 
Monachit. 
Perchlorit. 
Perrumpit. 
Persalit. 
Pfalzit. 
Prosperit. 
Rhenanit. 
Rivalit. 
Thornit. 
Tremonit. 


122  INDEX  OF  CONSTITUENTS 

Mercury  Fulminate. 

FJobert  Ammunition. 

Mineral  Jelly,    See  also  Vaseline. 
Axite. 
Ballistite. 
C.  S.  P. 
Cordite. 

Gelatine  Dynamite. 
Haylite. 
Moddite. 
Monarkite. 
Solenite. 

Myrobalans. 
Amasite. 

Naphthalene. 
Bomlit, 
Dahmenite. 
Kiwit. 
Koronit, 
Naphthalit. 
Rhenanit, 
Walsrode  Sicherheits-Sprengstoff. 

Neutral  Substances.    See  also  Inert  Substances  and  Salts, 
Helagon. 
Helit. 

Nitrate,  Ammonium. 
Abbcite. 
Abelite. 
Aerolit. 

Aetna  Coal  Powder. 
Alkalsit. 
Alsilite, 
Alumatol. 
Amatol. 
Amatoxol. 
Amide  Powder. 
Ammonal. 


INDEX  OF  CONSTITUENTS  123 


Nitrate,  Ammonium  (continued) — 
Ammoniakkrut. 
Ammonite. 
Ammonpulver. 
Am  vis. 
Neu  Anagon. 
Anchorite. 
Anilit. 
Aphosite. 
Astralit. 
Baelenite. 

Bautzener  Sicherheitspulver. 
Bavarit. 
Bellite, 

Bental  Coal  Powder. 
Bituminite, 
Black  Diamond. 
Bomlit. 
C. 

Cahuecit. 

Cameron  Mine  Powder. 
Carbonite  (Ammon-). 
Chromamonit. 
Cilferite, 
Clifflte  (Super-). 
Coalite. 
Colinit. 

Collier  Powder. 
Cornil. 
Cronite. 
Cugnite. 
Curtisite. 
Dahmenite. 
Denaby  Powder. 
Densite. 
Detonit. 

Detonite  Special. 
Dominit. 
Donarite. 


124  INDEX  OF  CONSTITUENTS 

Nitrate,  Ammonium  (continued) — 
Dorfit. 

Dreadnought  Powder. 
Du  Pont  Permissible. 
Dynamite. 
Dynammon. 
Dynobel. 
Echo. 

Electronite. 
Elsagit. 
Excellite. 
Expedite. 
Extra  Dynamite. 
Faversham  Powder. 
Favier  Explosives, 
Flammivore, 

Feeder  Sicherheitssprengstoff. 
Foerdit. 
Forcite, 
Fortex. 
Fractorite. 
Fuel-ite. 
Fuellpulver. 
Fulmenit. 
Gathurst  Powder. 
Gehlingerit. 

Gelatin6  a  PAmmoniaque. 
Gesilit. 

Giant  Coal  Mine  Powder. 
Giant  Powder  (Extra). 
Glueckauf. 
Good  Luck. 
Grisoutine. 
Guardian. 
Halalite. 
Hammonit. 
Haylite. 
Hebler  Powder. 
Hecla  No.  2. 


INDEX  OF  CONSTITUENTS  125 


Nitrate,  Ammonium  (continued) — 
Kanite. 
Kentite. 
Leonit. 
Lignosit. 
Lowinite. 
Luxit. 

Melling  Powder. 
Mersey  Powder. 
Miner's  Friend. 
Minite. 
Min-ite. 
Minolite. 
Monachit. 
Monarkite. 
Monobel. 
Monobel  Powder. 
Nationalite. 
Negro  Powder. 
Nitrolit. 

Nobel  Ammonia  Powder. 
Nobelit. 

Oakley  Quarry  Powder. 
Oaklite. 
Odite. 
Pannonit. 
Pastanil. 
Perchlorit. 
Perdit. 

Permon  Powder. 
Permonite. 
Perrumpit. 
Persalit. 
Pfalzit. 
Picramite. 
Pitsea  Powder. 
Pniowit. 
Progressit. 
Prosperit. 


126  INDEX  OF  CONSTITUENTS 

Nitrate,  Ammonium  (continued) — 
Pulv6rite. 
Raschit. 
RedH. 
Rex  Powder. 
Rexite. 
Rhenanit. 
Rivalit. 
Roburite. 
Romperit. 
Sabulite. 

St.  Helen's  Powder. 
Salit. 
Schlesit. 
Schneiderite. 
Seamex. 
Securite. 
Siegenit. 

Stanford  Powder. 
Stomonal. 
Sunderite. 
Superite. 
Syndite. 
Telsit. 
Teutonit. 
Thames  Powder. 
Thornit. 
Titanite. 
Tremonit. 
Tunnelit. 
Tunnelite. 
Uplees  Powder. 
Vender, 
Victor  Powder. 
Viking  Powder. 
Virite. 
Wallonite. 

Walsrode  Sicherheits-Sprengstoff. 
Westfalite. 


INDEX  OF  CONSTITUENTS  127 


Nitrate  Ammonium  (continued) — 
Withnell  Powder. 
Yonckite. 

Nitrate,  Barium. 
Amberite. 
Baratol. 

Bautzener  Sicherheits-Sprengstoff. 
Cambrite. 
Cannonite. 
Carbonite. 
Clydite. 

Denaby  Powder. 
Electronite. 
Flammivore. 
Forcite. 
Gelignite. 
Halakite. 
Haylite. 
Kolax. 
Kynarkite. 
Kynite. 
M. 

Nitro-Densite. 
Pit-ite. 
S. 

Tonite. 
Tutol. 
Yonckite. 

Nitrate,  Lead. 
Halakite. 
Macarite. 
Minolite. 
Triplastit. 

Nitrate,  Potassium. 
Aerolit. 
Albionite. 
Amberite. 


128  INDEX  OF   CONSTITUENTS 

Nitrate,  Potassium  (continued) — 
Amide  Powder. 
Aphosite. 
Arkite. 
Astralit. 
Axite. 

Black  Powder. 
Bobbinite. 
Bomlit. 
Britonite. 
Brugere's  Powder. 
Cahuecit. 
Cambrite. 
Cannonite. 
Carbite  d'Ablon. 
Carbonite. 
Celtite. 

Chromamonite. 
Cocoa  Powder. 
Cornil. 

Cornish  Powder. 
Curtisite  (Super-). 
Dahmenite. 
Denaby  Powder. 
Densite. 
Dominit. 
Dorfit. 
Dragonite. 
Dynamite. 
Dynammon. 
Elsagit. 
Essex  Powder. 
Excellite  (Super-). 
Expedite. 

Faversham  Powder. 
Favier  Explosives. 
Flammivore. 
Forcite. 
Fortex  (New). 


INDEX  OF  CONSTITUENTS  129 


Nitrate,  Potassium  (continued) — 
Fracturite. 
Gelatine  Dynamite. 
Gelignite. 
Giant  Powder. 
Glueckauf. 
Grisoutine. 
Hammonit. 
Haylite. 
Hebler  Powder. 
Herculite. 
Kent  Powder. 
Kentite. 
Kinetit. 
Kolax. 
Kynarkite. 
Lignosit. 
Loewenpulver. 
M. 

M.B. 
Minite. 
Monachit. 
Normanite. 
Oaklite. 
Perilit. 
Petroklastit. 
Phoenix  Powder. 
Pitite. 

Pitsea  Powder. 
Plastammon. 
Praeposit. 
Pulverin. 
Rippite. 
Roburite. 
Romperit. 
Russelite. 
S. 

Sabulite. 
Samsonite. 
9 


130  INDEX  OF  CONSTITUENTS 

Nitrate,  Potassium  (continued) — 
Saxonite. 
Sheppey  Powder. 
Stonax. 
Stow-ite. 
Superite. 
Swalite. 
T. 

Thames  Powder. 
Tutol. 
Virite. 

Walsrode  Sicherheits-Sprengstoff. 
Westfalite. 

Nitrate,  Sodium. 
Aetna  Powder. 
Alkalsit. 
Amasite. 
Ammonite. 
Anchorite. 
Antigel. 
Astralit. 
Blastine. 
Bomlit. 
Britonite. 
C. 

Cahuecit. 
Cornil. 
Cosilit. 
Cugnite. 
Dahmenit. 
Densite. 
Donarit. 
Dorfit  (Per-). 
Duxite. 
Elsagit. 
Forcite. 
Fractorite. 
Gelignite. 


INDEX  OF  CONSTITUENTS  131 

Nitrate,  Sodium  (continued) 
Gesilit. 

Giant  Powder. 
Glueckauf. 
Halalite. 
Hammonit. 
Haylite. 
Judson  Powder. 
Leonit. 
Ligdyn. 
Loewenpulver. 
Meganit. 
Melanite. 
Melling  Powder. 
Mersey  Powder. 
Minolite. 
Monarkite. 
Nobel  Gelignite. 
Permon  Powder. 
Perrumpit. 
Persalit, 
Petroklastit. 
Pfalzit. 
Praeposit. 
Raschit. 
Rexite. 
Rhexit. 
Samsonite. 
Sengite. 
Sprengsalpeter. 
Stomonal. 
Syndite. 
Telsit. 
Terris. 
Tonite. 
Tunnelit. 
Tutol. 
Wallonite. 
Yonckite. 


132  INDEX  OF  CONSTITUENTS 

Nitrate,  Strontium. 
Densite. 

Nitrates. 
Alkalsit. 

Cooppal's  Powder. 
Du  Pont  Smokeless  Powder. 
Dynamite. 
E.  C.  Powder. 
Eley  Smokeless  Powder. 
Empire  Powder. 
Felixite. 
Foerdit. 
Gesilit. 
Helagon. 
Helit. 
Henrite. 
Koronit. 
K.  S. 

Lithofracteur. 
Neonite. 

New  Explosives  Company's  Smokeless  Powder. 
Nobelit. 
Perilit. 
Plastomenit. 
Red  Star. 
Romperit. 

Rottweil  Smokeless  Powder. 
Ruby  Powder. 
Schlesit. 

Schultze  Powder. 
Securophore. 
Smokeless  Diamond. 
S.  R.,  S.  S. 

Nitric  Acid.    See  Acid,  Nitric. 

Nitric  Oxide. 
Panclastite. 
Sprengel  Explosives. 


INDEX  OF  CONSTITUENTS  133 

Nitrobenzene. 
Hellhofite. 
Indurite. 
Kinetit. 
Panclastite. 
Promethe"e. 
Rack-a-Rock. 
Sprengel  Explosives. 

Nitro-bodies.    See  Nitro-compounds. 

Nitro-cellulose,    See  also  Nitro-cotton. 
Apyrite. 
Cannonite. 
Cooppal's  Powder. 
Crystal. 

Du  Pont  Smokeless  Powder. 
Eley  Smokeless  Powder. 
Fulmen  Powder. 
Henrite. 
Ideal  Powder. 
Kinetit. 
K.  S. 

Mischpulver. 
Mullerite. 
Neonite. 

New  Explosives  Company's  Smokeless  Powder. 
Nitrokol. 
Normal  Powder. 
P.C.  /88. 
Plastomenit. 
Primrose  Smokeless. 
Pyroxyline. 
Red  Star. 
Rifleite. 

Rottweil  Smokeless  Powder. 
Ruby  Powder. 
Schultze  Powder. 
S.  K.,  S.  S.,  S.  V. 
Smokeless  Diamond. 


134  INDEX   OF  CONSTITUENTS 

Nitrocellulose  (continued) — 

Troisdorf  Smokeless  Powder. 
Walsrode  Shot-Gun  Powder. 
Wetteren  Powder. 

Nitro-compounds.    See  also  Di-,  Tri-,  Tetra-,  Hexa-nitro-, 
Alkalsit. 
Astralit. 

Cahuecit  (Ammon-). 
Chloratzite. 
Dominit. 
Donarit. 
Elsagit. 
Felixite. 

Foerder  Sicherheits-SprengstofL 
Foerdit, 
Halalit. 
Hammonit. 
Helagon. 
Helit. 
Henrite. 
Koronit. 
K.  S. 
Leonit. 
Lignosit. 
Peragon. 
Perchlorit. 
Perilit. 
Persalit. 
Petrolit. 
Plastammon. 
Polarite. 
Prosperit. 
Red  Star. 
Rhenanit. 
Rifleite. 
Rivalit. 
Romperit. 
Ruby  Powder. 


INDEX  OF  CONSTITUENTS  135 

Nitro-compounds  (continued) — 
Schlesit. 
Sebomite. 
S.  S. 

Stanford  Powder. 
Stonax. 
Teutonit. 
Tonite. 
Tremonit. 
Uplees  Powder. 

Nitro-cotton  (including  Collodion  Cotton).    See  also  Guncotton 

and  Nitro-cellulose. 
Ajax  Powder. 
Albionite. 
Alkalsit. 
Amberite. 
Arkite. 
Astralit. 
B. 

Ballistite. 
Blasting  Gelatine. 
Bomlit. 

Cahuecit  (Ammon-). 
Carbonite. 
Celtite, 

Chromamonit. 
Clermonite. 
Clifflte. 
Colinit. 

Cornish  Powder. 
C.  P. 
Cugnite. 
Dahmenite, 
Denaby  Powder. 
Detonit. 
Dominite. 
Donarit. 
Dragonite. 


136  INDEX  OF  CONSTITUENTS 

Nitro-cotton  (continued) — 
Duxite. 

Dynamite  (Gelatine). 
Dynobel. 
E.  C.  Powder. 
Echo. 
Elsagit. 

Empire  Powder. 
Essex  Powder. 
Excellite. 
Felixite. 
Filite. 

Flammivore. 

Foerder  Sicherheitssprengstoff. 
Foerdit. 
Forcite. 
Fracturite. 

Gelatin6  a  rAmmoniaque. 
Gelatine  Dynamite. 
Gelignite. 
Gesilit. 

Giant  Powder. 
Grisoutine. 
Halalite. 
Haylite. 
Herculite. 

Hudson's  Explosive. 
J. 

Kolax  (Super-). 
Koronit. 
Leonit. 
Lignosit. 
M. 

Melanite. 
Moddite. 
Monachit. 
Monarkite. 
Mullerite. 
Naphthalit. 


INDEX  OF  CONSTITUENTS  137 


Nitro  -cotton  (continued) — 
N.  C.  T. 
Neonal. 
Nitrolit. 
Nobelit. 
Normanite. 
Oaklite. 
Pannonit. 
Permon  Powder. 
Permonite. 
Pfalzit. 

Phoenix  Powder. 
Plastrotyl. 
Polarite. 
Prosperit. 
Pulverite. 
Pyrocollodion. 
Rhenanit. 
Rippite. 
Rivalit. 
Romperit. 
Russelite. 

a 

Salit. 

Samsonite. 

Saxonite. 

Schlesit. 

Solenite. 

Stonax, 

Stowite. 

Swale  Powder. 

Swalite. 

Syndite. 

Telsit. 

Territ. 

Tremonit. 

Triplastit. 

Tunnelit. 

Vender. 


138  INDEX  OF  CONSTITUENTS 

Nitroglycerine. 
Abbcite. 
Aetna  Powder. 
Aetna  Coal  Powder. 
Ajax  Powder, 
Albionite. 
Albit. 
Amberite, 
Ammoniakkrut. 
Antigel. 
Arkite. 
Astralit. 
Axite. 
Ballistite. 
Bituminite. 
Black  Diamond. 
Blasting  Gelatine. 
Britonite. 
Cambrite, 

Cameron  Mine  Powder. 
Carbite  d'Ablon. 
Carbo-dynamite. 
Carbonite. 
Celtite. 
Clifflte. 
Clydite. 
Coalite, 
Coal  Special. 
Colinit. 

Collier  Powder. 
Cordite. 

Cornish  Powder. 
Cosilit. 
C.  S.  P, 
Cugnite. 
Detonit. 
Dominite. 
Donarit. 
Dragonite. 


INDEX  OF  CONSTITUENTS  139 


Nitroglycerine  (continued) — 
Du  Pont  Permissible. 
Duxite. 
Dynamite, 
Dynobel. 
Elsagit. 
Erin  Gelignite. 
Essex  Powder. 
Eureka. 
Excellite. 
Filite. 

Flammivore. 

Foerder  Sicherheitssprengstoff, 
Foerdit, 
Forcite. 

Fort  Pitt  Mine  Powder. 
Fractorite. 
Fracturite. 
Fuel-ite. 

Gehlingerit  (Wetter-), 
Gelatin6  a  l'Ammoniaque. 
Gelatine  Dynamite. 
Gelignite. 
Gesilit; 

Giant  Coal-Mine  Powder. 
Giant  Powder. 
Glonoine. 
Grisoutine, 
Grisoutite, 

Guardian, 
Halalit. 

Hammonit. 

Haylite. 

Hecla  Powder. 

Herculite. 

Hudson's  Explosive. 

Hygrade  Coal  Powder. 

Judson  Powder. 

Kent  Powder. 


140  INDEX  OF  CONSTITUENTS 

Nitroglycerine  (continued) — 
Kolax. 
Koronit. 
Kynarkite. 
Kynite. 

Lafflin  and  Rand. 
Ligdyn. 
Lignosit. 
Lithofracteur. 
Lomite. 
Meganit. 
Melanite. 
Melling  Powder. 
Mersey  Powder. 
Meteor, 
Minite. 
Min-ite. 
Moddite. 
Monarkite. 
Monobel. 
Monobel  Powder. 
Naphthalit. 
Neonal. 
Nitro-densite. 
Nitrolit. 

Nitro  Low-Flame. 
Nobel  Ammonia  Powder. 
Nobelit, 
Normanite. 
Oaklite. 
Pannonit, 
Perchlorit. 
Permon  Powder. 
Permonite. 
Persalit  (Wetter-). 
Phoenix  Powder. 
Pit-ite. 

Pitsea  Powder. 
Polarite. 


INDEX  OF  CONSTITUENTS  141 


Nitroglycerine  (continued) — 
Prosperit. 
Pulverite. 
Rex  Powder. 
Rexite. 
Rhenanit. 
Rhexit. 
Rippite. 
Rivalit. 
Romperit. 
Russelite. 
Salit. 

Samsonite. 
Saxonite. 
Schlesit. 
Seamex. 
Securophore. 
Sheppey  Powder. 
Siegenit. 
Solenite. 
Stomonal. 
Stonax. 
Stow-ite. 
Sunderite. 
Superite. 
Swale  Powder. 
Swalite. 
Syndite. 
Telsit. 

Thames  Powder. 
Tremonit. 
Tunnelit. 
Tunnelite. 
Tutol. 

Velox  Gelatine. 
Victor  Powder. 
Vigorite. 
Viking  Powder. 
Wetter-dynamit . 


142  INDEX  OF  CONSTITUENTS 

Nitroglycerine  (continued) — 
Wetteren. 
Xpdite. 

Nitro -hydrocarbons.    See  also  Nitrobenzene,  Tinitro -toluene,  etc. 
Albit. 
Alkalsit. 
Carbonite. 
CooppaPs  Powder. 
Monachit. 
Naphthalit. 

New  Explosives  Company's  Smokeless  Powder. 
Persalit. 

Nitro-mesytilenes. 
Monachit. 

Nitro  -naphthalene. 
Alkalsit. 
Astralit. 

Barking  Powder. 
Bavarit. 
Cheddite. 
Curtisite. 

Favier  Explosives. 
Pierrite. 
Sprengel  Explosives. 

Nitro-semi-cellulose. 
Plastammon. 

Nitro-starch. 
Silesia. 
Trojan  Coal  Powder. 

Nitro- toluene. 
Astralit. 
Erin  Gelignite. 
Foerdit. 
Monobel. 
Panclastite. 
Pannonit. 


INDEX  OF  CONSTITUENTS  143 


Nitro-toluene  (continued)- 
Plastammon. 
Red  Cross. 
Telsit. 

Nitro-toluenes,  Liquid. 
Alkalsit. 
Barbarit. 
Bomlit. 
Halalite. 
Kiwit. 
Plastomenit. 
Plastrotyl. 
Telsit. 
Territ. 
Triplastit. 
Tunnelit. 

Nitroxylene. 
Monachit. 

Oil. 

Albit. 
Kiwit. 

Oil,  Castor. 
Bomlit. 
Cheddite. 
Excellite. 
Pierrite. 
Rippite. 
Steelite. 

Oil,  Dead. 

Rack-a-Rock. 

Oil,  Drying. 

Himalayite. 

Oil,  Fatty. 
Astralit. 
Elsagit. 


144  INDEX  OF  CONSTITUENTS 

Oil,  Fatty  (continued) — 
Glueckauf. 
Koronit. 
Naphthalit. 
Perrumpit. 

Oil,  Hydrocarbon.    See  also  Paraffins,  etc. 
Mercurit. 

Sprengel  Explosives. 
Wilhelmit. 

Oil,  Kerosine. 
Miedziankit. 
Petrolit. 
Plessit. 

Oil,  Mineral. 
Rexol. 

Oil,  Paraffin. 
Astralit. 
Dominite. 
Fulmenit. 
Koronit. 

Oil,  Petroleum. 
Barbarit. 
Oxyliquit. 
Sprengel  Explosives. 

Oil,  Rape. 
Astralit. 

Oil,  Re'd. 

Dreadnought  Powder. 

Oxalate,  Ammonium. 
Ajax  Powder. 
Albionite. 
Arkite. 
Astralit. 
Britonite. 


INDEX  OF  CONSTITUENTS  145 


Oxalate,  Ammonium  (continued) — 
Cambrite. 
Celtite. 
Cheesa  Sticks. 
Cliffite  (Super-). 
Clydite. 
Dominite. 
Duxite. 

Dynamit  (Wetter-). 
Dynobel. 

Excellite  (Super-). 
Fractorite. 
Fracturite. 
Glueckauf. 
Haylite. 
Herculite. 
Kent  Powder. 
Kolax  (Super-). 
Kynarkite. 
Melling  Powder. 
Minite. 
Monachit. 
Neonal. 
Normanite. 
Perrumpit. 
Pit-ite. 

Pitsea  Powder. 
Rippite. 
Russelite. 
Samsonite. 
Saxonite. 
Sheppey  Powder. 
Stomonal. 
Stow-ite. 
Sunderite, 
Swale  Powder. 
Swalite. 

Thames  Powder. 
Virite. 
10 


146  INDEX  OF  CONSTITUENTS 

Oxalate,  Copper. 
Glueckauf. 
Good  Luck. 

Oxalate,  Potassium. 
Nobelit. 

Oxalates. 
Astralit. 
Elsagit. 
Nobelit. 

Oxide,  Iron. 

Raek-a-Rock. 
Thermit. 

Oxide,  Manganese. 
Aerolit. 
Loewenpulver. 
Prom6thee. 

Oxygen  (Liquid). 
Marsit. 
Oxyliquit. 

Paraffin.    See  also  Oil,  Paraffin  and  Hydrocarbons. 
Favier  Explosives. 
Henrite. 
Kiwit. 
Naphthalit. 
Rivalit  (Chlorat-). 

Paraffin  Wax.    See  Wax. 

Perchlorate,  Ammonium. 
Alkalsit. 
Amasite. 
Barking  Powder. 
Blastine. 
Carlsonite. 
Kausolit. 
M.  B.  Powder. 
Rexol. 


INDEX  OF  CONSTITUENTS  147 


Perchlorate,  Ammonium  (continued) — 
Territ. 
Yonckite. 

Perchlorate,  Potassium. 
Ajax  Powder. 
Alkalsit. 
Bomlit. 
Chloratzite. 
Colinit. 
Dominit. 
Donarit. 
Dorfit  (Per-). 
Dynobel. 
Halalite. 
Hammonit. 
Helagon. 
Helit. 
Herculite. 
Koronit. 
Leonit. 

M.  B.  Powder. 
Mercurit. 
Neonal. 
Ophorite. 
Per  agon. 
Perchlorit. 
Perdit. 
Perilit. 
Permonite. 
Persalit. 
Pniowit. 
Polar  it  e. 
Pulv6rite. 
Rhenanit. 
Rivalit. 
Romperit. 
Samsonite. 
'  Schlesit. 


148  INDEX   OF  CONSTITUENTS 

Perchlorate,  Potassium  (continued) — 
Sonnit. 
Sunderite, 
Swale  Powder. 
Tremonit. 
Westfalite. 

Perchlorate,  Sodium. 
Alkalsit. 
Hammonit. 
Koronit. 
Leonit. 

Perchlorates. 
Mitchellite. 
Persalit. 
Roslin  Giant  Blasting  Powder. 

Permanganate,  Potassium. 
Roburite. 

Picrate,  Ammonium. 
Brugere's  Powder. 
Picramite. 

Picric  Acid. 
Cresylite. 
Dunnite. 
Granatfuellung. 
Lyddite. 
Melinite. 
Picrol. 
Pierrite. 
Shellite. 
Sprengel  Explosives. 

Picryl  Sulphide. 

Granatfuellung.  «, 

Pitch,  Coal  Tar. 
Petroklastit. 

Potassium  Chloride,  Nitrate,  etc.    See  Chloride,  Nitrate,  etc. 
Potato  Meal.    See  Meal,  Potato. 


INDEX  OF  CONSTITUENTS  149 


Quebracho. 
Minolite. 


Resin. 

Aerolit. 

Cannonite. 

Chloratzite. 

E.C.  Powder. 

Favier  Explosives. 

Giant  Powder. 

Glueckauf. 

Judson  Powder. 

Normal  Powder. 

Persalit. 

Plastrotyl. 

Rexol. 

Romperit. 

Silesia. 

Westfalite. 

Resin,  Oxidised. 
Siegenit. 
Steelite. 
Wallonite. 

Salts,  Hydrated. 
Eureka. 

Giant  Coal-Mine  Powder. 
Lomite. 
Meteor. 

Salts,  Inorganic.    See  also  Chlorides,  Sulphates,  etc. 
Albit. 
Koronit. 
Lafflin  and 
Monachit. 
Persalit. 

Salts,  Neutral. 

Cahuecit  (Ammon-). 
Chloratzit. 


150  INDEX  OF  CONSTITUENTS 

Salts,  Neutral  (continued) — 
Detonit. 

Foerder  Sicherheitssprengstoff. 
H. 

Hammonit. 
Petrolit. 
Schlesit. 
Teutonit. 
Wilhelmit. 

Sawdust. 

Herculite. 

Shellac.    See  also  Gum  Lac. 
Cheesa  Sticks. 
Cooppal's  Powder. 
Wetteren. 

Silicide,  Calcium. 
Sabulite. 

Soap. 

Albit. 

Sodium  Chloride,  Nitrate,  etc.    See  Chloride,  Nitrate. 

Soot, 

Marsit. 

Starch. 

Abelite. 

Bellite. 

Bobbinite, 

Bomlit. 

Carbonite. 

Cliffite. 

Cooppal's  Powder. 

Electronite. 

Excellite  (Super-). 

Himalayite. 

Kolax. 

Kynite. 

Monarkite. 


INDEX  OF  CONSTITUENTS  151 


Starch  (continued) — 
Nitro-Densite. 
Permonite. 
Ruby  Powder. 
Schlesit. 
S.  R. 
Superite. 
Syndite. 

Thames  Powder. 
Troisdorf  Smokeless  Powder. 

Stearine. 

Cannonite. 

Straw  Charcoal. 
Cocoa  Powder. 

Strontium  Nitrate. 
Densite. 

Sugar. 

Anilit. 
Glueckauf. 
White  Gunpowder. 

Sulphate,  Ammonium. 
Antigel. 
Bobbinite. 
Flammivore. 
Progressit. 
Pulv6rite. 

Sulphate,  Barium. 
Cugnite. 
Flammivore. 
Pulvdrite. 

Sulphate,  Copper. 
Bobbinite. 

Sulphate,  Iron. 
Cahuecit. 


152  INDEX  OF  CONSTITUENTS 

Sulphate,  Magnesium. 
Colinit. 

Cornish  Powder. 
Grisoutine. 
Siegenit. 

Sulphate,  Sodium. 
Grisoutine. 
Raschit. 

Sulphide,  Antimony. 

Flobert  Ammunition. 
Kinetit. 

Sulphonate,  Ammonium  Nitro-cresol-. 

Sulphonate,  Sodium  Cresol-. 
Raschit, 

Sulphur. 
Aerolit. 
Aphosite. 
Black  Powder. 
Bobbinite. 
Cahuecit. 
Cocoa  Powder. 
Dynamite  (American). 
Forcite. 
Giant  Powder. 
Hebler  Powder. 
Judson  Powder. 
Lithofracteur. 
Loewenpulver.       , 
M.  B.  Powder. 
Petroklastit. 
Praeposit. 
Pulverin. 
Sprengsalpeter. 
Virite. 

Sulphuretted  Benzol. 
Carbonite, 


INDEX   OF  CONSTITUENTS  158 


Tallow.    See  also  Fat. 
Sebomite. 

Tar. 

Forcite. 
Loewenpulver. 

Tetranitro-methyl-aniline. 

Tetryl. 

Favier  Explosives. 

Fortex. 

Oakley  Quarry  Powder. 

Trinitro-anisole. 
Granatfuellung. 
Nitrolit. 
Stabilite. 

Trinitro-cresol. 
Cresilite. 
Melinite. 

Trinitro-cresylate,  Ammonium. 
Ecrasit. 

Trinitro -naphthalene. 
Ammonite. 
Cahuecit. 
Favier  Explosives. 
Minolite. 

Trinitro-phenol.    See  Picric  Acid. 
Trinitro-phenyl-methyl-nitramine.     See  Tetryl. 

Trinitro-toluene, 
Abelite. 
Ajax  Powder. 
Alkalsist. 
Alsilite. 
Alumatol. 
Amatol. 
Amatoxol. 
Ammonal. 


154  INDEX  OF  CONSTITUENTS 

Trinitrotoluene  (continued) — 
Ammonite. 
Anchorite. 
Astralit. 
Azurite. 
Baelenite. 
Baratol. 
Barbarit. 

Bautzener  Sicherheits-pulver. 
Bellite. 
Bomlit. 
Cahuecit. 
Cannonite. 
Colinit. 
Curtisite. 
Dahmenite. 
Denaby  Powder. 
Densite. 
Donarit. 
Dorfit. 

Dreadnought  Powder. 
Dynobel. 
Echo. 
Elsagit. 
Expedite. 

Faversham  Powder. 
Fuellpulver. 
Fulmenit. 
Fumyl. 
Gehlingerit. 
Gelignite. 
Granatfuellung. 
Grisoutine. 
Halalite. 
Haylite. 
Kentite. 
Leonit. 
Lignosit. 
Luxit. 


INDEX  OF  CONSTITUENTS  155 


Trinitro-toluene  (continued) — 
Macarite. 
Melling  Powder. 
Mersey  Powder. 
Minite. 
Minolite. 
Nationalite. 
Negro  Powder. 
Neonal. 
P.  C.  /88. 
Permonite. 
Perrumpit. 
Persalit. 
Pfalzit. 
Pniowit. 
Pulv6rite. 
Rexite. 
Roburite. 
Romperit. 
Russelite. 
Sabulite. 

St.  Helen's  Powder. 
Swale  Powder. 
Titanite. 
T.  N.  T. 
Tolite. 
Toxol. 
Tremonit. 
Trinol. 
Trotyl. 
Tunnelit. 

Walsrode  Sicherheits-Sprengstoff. 
Westfalite. 
Withnell  Powder. 
Yonckite. 

Trinitro-xylene. 
Amatoxol. 
Toxol. 


156  INDEX  OF  CONSTITUENTS 

Turmeric. 

Good  Luck. 

Turpentine. 
Plastrotyl. 
Prom6th6e. 

Vaseline.    See  also  Mineral  Jelly. 
Amberite. 
Bomlit. 
Cannonite. 
Chromamonit. 
Dragonite. 
E.  C.  Powder. 
Empire  Powder. 
Felixite, 
Kiwit. 
K.  S, 
Neonite. 

New  Explosives  Co. 
Red  Star. 
Schultze  Powder. 
Smokeless  Diamond. 
S.  S. 

Vegetable  Meal.    See  Meal,  Vegetable. 

Vegetable  Ivory, 
Meganit. 

Wax,  Paraffin.    See  also  Paraffin. 
Blastine, 
Bobbinite. 
Cheddite. 
Melinite. 

Wood  Meal  and  Wood  Pulp. 
Abbcite. 
Aetna  Powder. 
Ajax  Powder. 
Albionite, 


INDEX  OF  CONSTITUENTS  157 


Wood  Meal  and  Wood  Pulp  (continued) — 
Alkalsit. 
Amvis. 
Antigel. 
Aphosite. 
Arkite. 
Astralit. 
Britonite. 
Cahuecit. 
Cambrite. 
Carbite  d'Ablon. 
Carbonite. 
Celtite. 
Cilferite. 
Cliffite  (Super-). 
Clydite. 

Cornish  Powder. 
Cugnite. 
Dominite. 
Dragonite. 

Du  Pont  Permissible. 
Duxite. 
Dynamite. 
Dynobel. 
Electronite. 
Excellite. 
Forcite. 
Fracturite. 
Gelatine  Dynamite. 
Gelignite. 
Giant  Powder. 
Grisoutine. 
Halalite. 
Haylite. 
Herculite. 
Kent  Powder. 
Kolax. 
Kynarkite. 
Kynite. 


158  INDEX  OF  CONSTITUENTS 

Wood  Meal  and  Wood  Pulp  (continued) — 
Leonit. 
Ligdyn. 
Lignosit. 
Loewenpulver. 
Luxit. 
Meganit. 
Melling  Powder. 
Mersey  Powder. 
Monobel. 
Monobel  Powder. 
Neonal. 
Nitro-Densite. 
Nobel  Ammonia  Powder. 
Normanite. 
Oaklite. 
Perdit. 
Permonite. 
Phoenix  Powder. 
Pit-ite. 

Pitsea  Powder. 
Pniowit. 
Polarite. 
Rex  Powder. 
Rexite. 
Rhexit. 
Rippite. 
Russelite. 
Samsonite. 
Saxonite. 
Sheppey  Powder. 
Stomonal. 
Stonax. 
Stowite. 
Sunderite. 
Swale  Powder. 
Swalite. 

Thames  Powder. 
Tutol. 


INDEX  OF  CONSTITUENTS  159 


Wood  Meal  and  Wood  Pulp  (continued) — 
Victor  Powder. 
Viking  Powder. 

Zinc. 

Rexol. 

Zinc  Aluminium  Alloy. 
Neu  Anagon. 
Helagon. 
Peragon. 


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